ENGLISH PAPER

(Makalah Bahasa Inggris)

Amelia Rahmawati Sistia Ardya Garini

XI MIA 2 / XI Science 2SMAN 9 TANGSEL

Report Text

Definition of Report :

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis.

“Teks report adalah teks yang menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu [objek, makhluk hidup, kejadian alam] secara apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan yang sistematis dan berdasarkan fakta. ”

Generic Structure of Report :

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials.

Struktur teks report yaitu:  General statement: Pernyataan awal yang menyampaikan pada

pembaca mengenai topik teks secara umum Description: Deskripsi secara umum dari topik teks Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan,

dan klasifikasinya.(General Clasification) Deskripsi lanjutan dari General Classification (Description:tells

what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors).

Language Feature of Report :

Introducing group or general aspect Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc Using simple present tense 

The Differences between Report Text and Descriptive Text : 

Some text types are quite difficult to differ. Such report and descriptive text have the similarity in the social function and generic structure. However if they are analyzed carefully, the slight difference between the two text types will reveal.The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-description of the object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show rather than tell the reader about the factual condition of the object.

Readers by themselves will catch the impressive point of the object through that showing writing style. What make different, between report and descriptive text, is the scope of the written object. If we talk about, eg: bicycle, it belongs to report text. It will talk about bicycle in general; its parts, physical strength, function for certain people or other general characters of bike.

In the other hand, descriptive text will convey more focus, for example "my bicycle" with its specific characters; color, length, wheel style, etc.In short, report text describes the way of certain things and frequently refer to phenomenon of nature, animal and scientific object. Mostly, report is written after getting careful observation. This scientific and technical sense make clearer difference from descriptive text. The way of descriptive text in showing thing is based on the objective fact of the thing. It describe the specific thing simply as the thing is.

“Ciri yang membedakan teks report dan teks descriptive adalah cara penulisannya. Teks report hanya menjelaskan topik teks secara umum, sedangkan teks descriptive menceritakan topik teks secara lebih terperinci.”

Example: Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator on Earth's land ever to have existed. This dinosaur once roam the Earth in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago.  As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it's fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.

Contoh soal

LIGHTNING

Lightning is a sudden, violent flash of electricity between a cloud and the ground, or from cloud to cloud. A lightning flash, or bolt, can be several miles long. It is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade, that the air around it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we hear.           Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height. It forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice crystals and snowfl akes are formed. These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain meets more moist air rising, and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning flash.

Question.

1. What is the text about?2. What is the type of the text? 3. What is the main idea of paragraph 1 ?4. What is the purpose of the text?5. How much the mean of degree the Lightning ?6. How the Lightning could be happens ? 7. "It is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade, that the air

around   it   suddenly expands with a loud blast . " (paragraph 1)     What does the underlined word refer to?

8. What kind of generic structure will you find in the text ? 9. "Moist air is driven up to a great height. "(paragraph 2). What is the synonym of

the word " great"?10. What forms a type of cloud ?

Answer :   

1. Thunder and Lightning2. Report Text3. Main idea of paragraph 1 is Lightning is a sudden, violent flash of electricity between

a cloud and the ground, or from cloud to cloud.4. To describe Thunder and Lightning.5. Is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade.6. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice crystals and snowfl

akes are formed. These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain meets more moist air rising, and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity,it discharges it as a lightning flash. 

7. The a lightning.8. Generic structure of Report Text is general classification – identifications.9. Synonym of the word " great" is big,huge,large,10. Forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus.

Passive voice

Definition Passive VoiceAda 3 definisi tentang Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif); adalah suatu grammatical

construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active,subject berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian(1).

Adalah kalimat yang subject-nya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau menderita suatu. Dengan kata lain subject kalimat tersebut menjadi sasaran kegiatan yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja. Dalam bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat pasif adalah kata kerjanya yang berawalan dengan “di-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ter-“ (tergantung pada konteks kalimat) (2).

Adalah bentuk kalimat dalam bahasa Ingris yang lebih menekankan terlaksananya kegiatan atau peristiwa. Dalam pelajaran grammar and structure passive voice dibentuk dengan cara memindah posisi SUBJECT menempati OBJECT dan begitu sebaliknya. Namun pengertian semantiknya, OBJECT yang awalnya adalah SUBJECT tetaplah pihak yang melaksanakan atau melakukan kegiatan tersebut (3).

Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) adalah kalimat yang subject-nya berbuat sesuatau atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat aktif adalah kata kerjanya selalu berawalan “me-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ber-“.Bentuk dari Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah : TO BE / BE + VERB 3 Dalam bentuk kalimat pasif, biasanya diikuti dengan frase “by”.

Contoh Passive Voice (Kalimat Passive)ACTIVE:         Jane helps Tina. (Artinya: Jane menolong Tina)PASSIVE:       Tina is helped by Jane. (Artinya: Tina ditolong oleh Jane)

 Pada kalimat pasif, Object dari kalimat aktif (Tina) berubah menjadi Subject.

Merubah Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) ke dalam bentuk Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) :

Tenses ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple Present Jane helps Tina. Tina is helped by Jane.Present Progressive Jane is helping Tina. Tina is being helped by Jane.Present Perfect Jane has helped Tina. Tina has been helped by Jane.Simple Past Jane helped Tina. Tina was helped by Jane.Past Progressive Jane was helping Tina. Tina was being helped by Jane.Past Perfect Jane had helped Tina. Tina had been helped by Jane.Simple Future Jane will help Tina. Tina will be helped by Jane.To Be Going To Jane is going to help Tina. Tina is going to be helped by Jane.Future Perfect Jane will have helped Tina. Tina will have been helped by Jane.

(Bentuk Progressive/ Continuous dari Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future, dan Future Perfect sangat jarang digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat pasif)

No Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice

1Present Simple Tense S + V1 + O S + to be (am, are, is) + V3 + by +

O

Many people speak EnglishEnglish is spoken by many

people

2Present Continuous

Tense

S + to be (am, are, is) + V1-ing + O

S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O

Many people are speaking English

English is being spoken by many people

3 Present Perfect Tense

S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O

S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O

Many people have spoken English

English has been spoken by many people

4Present Perfect

Continuous Tense

S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O

S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O

Many people have been speaking English

English has been being spoken by many people

5 Past Simple TenseS + V2 + O

S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O

Many people spoke EnglishEnglish was spoken by many

people

6Past Continuous

Tense

S + to be (was, were) + V1-ing + O

S + to be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O

Many people were speaking English

English was being spoken by many people

7 Past Perfect Tense

S + had not + V3 + O S + had + been + V3 + by + O

Many people had spoken English

English had been spoken by many people

8Past Perfect

Continuous Tense

S + had + been + V1-ing + OS + had + been + being + V3 + by

+ O

Many people had been speaking English

English had been being spoken by many people

Object Tak Langsung Sebagai Subject Pasif:

Contoh:ACTIVE:         Someone gave Mrs. Grim an award.PASSIVE:       Mrs. Grim was given an award by someone.ACTIVE:         Someone gave an award to Mrs. Grim.PASSIVE:       An award was given to Mrs. Grim.

Example :

1. You can buy cameras like this anywhere Cameras like this can be bought by you anywhere2. He has sold his car to pay son's debts His car been sold by him to his son's debts3. They owed a lot of money to the bank A lot of money was owed by them to the bank4. People have proved that there is no life on the moon There is no life on the moon has been prove by people5. They informed me about the accident I was informed by them about the accident6. The man will take you home this afternoon You will be taken by the man this afternoon7. They will despatch our order next month Our order will be despatched by them8. They are building a new hospital near the shopping center A new hospital is being built by them near the shopping center9. The manager always welcomes the new emplyees The new emplyees are always welcomed by the manager10. Somebody was cleaning the house when I was there The house was being cleaned by somebody when I was there

PROCEDURE TEXT

Ada tiga definisi "umum" mengenai procedure text : (1)Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human behaviour eg how to live happily, how to succeed.

Dari keterangan di atas, dapat kita garis bawahi bahwa procedure text adalah (1) Teks yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu bekerja atau teks yang menjelaskan cara menggunakan pedoman instruksi / penggunaan. contoh : cara menggunakan video, komputer, mesin fotokopi, fax dll. (2) Teks yang menunjukan cara melakukan aktifitas tertentu. contoh : resep, aturan bermain game, eksperimen ilmiah, aturan keamanan berkendara. (3) Teks yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku manusia. contoh : cara hidup bahagian, cara sukses. dll..

“The purpose procedural text is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.”

Tujuan procedure text adalah memberitahu pembaca cara melakukan / membuat sesuatu. Informasi disajikan dengan urutan peristiwa yang logis. Peristiwa tersebut biasanya dibagi menjadi beberapa langkah-langkah terpisah. Teks ini biasanya ditulis menggunakan present tense. Contoh paling umum procedure text adalah resep masakan.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

Seperti halnya pengertian procedure text di atas, generic structure (susunan umum) procedure text juga ada tiga :(1) Goal (Maksud atau tujuan)(2) Material Needed (Materi / alat / bahan yang dibutuhkan)(3) Methods or Steps (Metode / langkah-langkah)

Catatan : Pada procedure text yang berupa How-to ("Pokoknya berjudul how to"), kadang material needed (materi yang dibutuhkan) tidak disertakan. (Aturan tidak wajib dan bisa diubah)

Contoh Soal

Read the following text and answer the questions 1-5

Ingredients

4 red potatoes 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 onion, chopped 1 green bell pepper, seeded and chopped 2 tablespoons olive oil 1 teaspoon salt 3/4 teaspoon paprika 1/4 teaspoon ground black pepper 1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley\

Equipment

o Large skilleto Plateo Pot

Steps1.  Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add potatoes and cook until tender but still firm, about 15 minutes.2.  Drain the potatoes and cut them into 1/2 inch cubes when they are already cool.3.  In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon olive oil over medium high heat. Add onion and green pepper. Cook about 5 minutes stirring often, until soft. Transfer to a plate and set aside.4.  Pour remaining 2 tablespoons of oil into the skillet and turn heat to medium-high.5.  Add potato cubes, salt, paprika and black pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until potatoes are  browned about 10 minutes.6.  Stir in the onions, green peppers and parsley and cook for another minute. Serve hot.

PREP TIME: 20 MinCOOK TIME: 25 Min

1.  What does the text tells about ?A.  the potatoes and their use

B.  how to make fried potatoesC.  boiling potatoes in good waysD.  someone‟s experience in cooking

2.  Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text ?A.  It takes 25 minutes to cook the food well.B.  You need 3 kinds of equipment to cook the meal.C.  the food should be served hotD.  The potatoes must be cut after they are getting cool.

3.  How long do we need to try the recipe until it is ready to be served ?A.  45 minutesB.  40 minutesC.  25 minutesD.  20 minutes

4.  “Transfer to a plate and set aside.”The word “transfer” in the sentence nearly means…A.  bringB.  moveC.  drainD.  take

5.  “ Drain the potatoes and cut … when they are already cool.”The word "they" refers to ....A.  The potatoes.B.  The cubes.C.  The utensils.D.  The ingredients.