Jerusalem : city in transition

Jerusalem: A City in TransitionJerusalem: A City in TransitionPopulation and Spatial Relations

March 2005

Note: The source for all statistical data hereafter is the Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, edited by Maya Choshen and published in cooperation by the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies and the Municipality of Jerusalem

Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studieswww.jiis.org.il

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Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

Jerusalem is Israel'sJerusalem is Israel'slargest city:largest city:

• Area

– 126 km2 jurisdiction

– The area of the second largest city,Tel Aviv–Yafo, is 51 km2

• Population – both Jews and Arabs

• Not the country's major urban area; Israel's "core" is Metropolitan Tel-Aviv

Jerusalem

Beer Sheva

Tel-Aviv - Yafo

Haifa

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MUNICIPALMUNICIPALBOUNDARIESBOUNDARIES

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Corpus SeperatumCorpus Seperatum, 1947, 1947

Current Municipal Boundary

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Before reunificationBefore reunification1948-19671948-1967

• Israeli controlled west Jerusalem:38 km2

• Jordanian controlled east Jerusalem:6 km2

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Following the Six-Day War of Following the Six-Day War of 19671967• The city's jurisdiction was

enlarged by some 70 km2 on 28 June 1967, in an accelerated legislative process.

• With an area of 108 km2, the city encompassed west Jerusalem, east Jerusalem, the Old City, and extensive additional areas, mainly to the north and south, including 28 Arab villages.

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In the late 1980sIn the late 1980s

• Re-evaluation of the city's boundaries

• Westwards extension (1993) by 15 km2, to 126 km2

• Never built

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POPULATIONPOPULATION

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Population Distribution (end of 2003) Population Distribution (end of 2003) • Jews: about 67 percent of the city's

population

– Haredi Jews (ultra-orthodox): about 30 percent of the Jewish population and 20 percent of the city's total population

• Arabs: the dominant component of the non-Jewish 33 percent

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Age structure – Israel vs. EuropeAge structure – Israel vs. Europe

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

70-74

80-84

age

% of total population

Western EuropeIsrael

Source: United States census bureau - www.census.gov

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Age Structure - JerusalemAge Structure - Jerusalem

201510505101520

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

%

Jews Arabs

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1086420246810

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

גיל

אחוז

1086420246810

0

10

20

30

40

50

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70

80

גיל

אחוז

1086420246810

0

15

30

45

60

75

גיל

אחוז

1086420246810

0

15

30

45

60

75

גיל

אחוז

Jerusalem vs. other LocalitiesJerusalem vs. other Localities

Tel-Aviv - Yafo Maale Adumim

Jerusalem Mevaseret-Zion

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Population GrowthPopulation GrowthYearTotal(%)Jews(%)Arabs

&others(%)

1967266.3)100.0(197.7)74.2( 68.6)25.8(

1977376.0)100.0(272.3)72.4(103.7)27.6(

Average Annual Growth1977-1967 3.5% 3.3% 4.2%

1987482.6)100.0(346.1)71.7(136.5)28.3(


1997622.1)100.0(429.1)69.0(193.0)31.0(


2003693.2)100.0(464.5)67.0(228.7)33.0(


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Geographic DistributionGeographic Distributionof the Populationof the Population

• highly diversifiedpopulation; a mosaic of different neighborhoods

• "Seam lines" between different ways of life– Jewish – Arab

– Secular (General) – Haredi

• impact on the city at a day-to-day level Har

Homa

2002

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Distribution – East-WestDistribution – East-West

At the end of 2002,about 175,000 Jewsresided in the areathat was added to thecity in 1967 (East Jerusalem), accounting for 38% of the city's total Jewish population and 46% of the overall population of East Jerusalem. Har

HomaHar

Homa

2002

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JerusalemTel-AvivIsrael

Public sector48%27%33%

Financial services

15%29%15%

Industry8%10%18%

Employed PersonsEmployed Personsby Economic Branchby Economic Branch

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PovertyPoverty

0

10

20

30

40

Jerusalem Tel-Aviv Haifa

% of Families Below "Poverty Line", 2003

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Jerusalem Tel-Aviv Haifa

% of Aged 15+ in Civilian Labor Force, 2003

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New suburban Jewish neighborhoodsNew suburban Jewish neighborhoods• A policy of maintaining the Jewish-Arab

demographic balance

• Inhabited largelyby young peoplemost of whomcome from theolder neigh-borhoods

2004

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Sources of Population GrowthSources of Population GrowthDemographic processes reflect the interplay between the characteristics of the population at a given time and economic, social, and political processes in the country in general and a specific city or region in particular.

• Natural increase: The difference between the birth and mortality rates (number of births less the number of deaths).

• Immigration: The first dwelling place of new immigrants who choose Jerusalem as their first home in Israel.

• Balance of migration to and from the city: The difference between the number of people arriving in Jerusalem from other localities in the country and those leaving Jerusalem and moving elsewhere.

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Natural IncreaseNatural Increase• A major source of population growth in Jerusalem• 1967: the Jewish population's rate of natural increase

was far below that of the Arab population.• 1987: Jews and Arabs had about the same natural

increase• since 1988: as a result of the Intifada (which had a

baby boom effect), the birth rate among the Arab population increased.

Arabs

JewsBirth rate

0

10

20

30

40

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

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Births (2002)Births (2002)• Jerusalem: 18,300 babies

– 11,000 babies born to Jewish (and other non-Arab) families (60%)

– 7,300 babies born to Arab families (40%)

Birthrate (Births per 1000 pop.) in Israel and Jerusalem, 2002

JerusalemIsrael

Total27.121.2

Jewish (and other non-arab) population24.718.6

Arab population31.829.9

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Fertility Rate, 2002Fertility Rate, 2002(Number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime)(Number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime)

Entire Population

Jews (and

others)

Arabs

TotalOf whom, Muslim

Jerusalem3.93.84.14.6Israel2.92.64.24.3Tel Aviv-Yafo1.91.9....Haifa1.71.7....

The high fertility rate among Jewish women in Jerusalem is due to the city's large Haredi population. Ultra-Orthodox women bear an average of

7.5 or more children in their lifetime.

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Migration Movements - Migration Movements - ImmigrationImmigration

• Between 1990 and 2002, Jerusalem absorbed 75,300 immigrants — only 7 percent of all immigrants to Israel (1,093,300) in this period.

• Jerusalem does not have a strong pull for immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU), as reflected in their relatively low proportion in the city's population.

• Many FSU immigrants subsequently left the city, and in 2002, only 55,700 newcomers who had immigrated to Israel since 1990 were living in Jerusalem, constituting 8 percent of the city's total population (12 percent of the Jewish population).

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Migration Movements –Migration Movements –Internal migrationInternal migration

• The first decade after reunification was characterized by positive migration rates of Jews to the city; that is, more Jews moved to Jerusalem than left it.

• In the second decade a low negative migration balance was recorded, while the third decade saw relatively high negative rates.

• Since 1988 Jerusalem has beenlosing about 5,000 to 8,000residents a year, largely dueto an increase in the numberof residents leaving the city.

Jerusalem

1993-2002165,500

1993-200297,200

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Migration to SuburbsMigration to Suburbs• The proportion of Jerusalem residents who are

moving to the area around the city is on the rise, currently standing at about 50 percent of the migrants from the city. This trend has strengthened and developed Metropolitan Jerusalem.

• The migration processes among the Arab population have not been studied adequately, and the available figures are unreliable. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that such migration is taking place among the Arab population in Jerusalem as well as among West Bank Arabs. The result is the growth of the settled Arab areas around Jerusalem.

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Population ProjectionPopulation Projection

• If these demographic trends continue, the share of the Jewish population in Jerusalem can be expected to go on declining, while the share of the Arab population will continue to rise

19952005201020152020

Jewish areas71%67%65%64%62%Arab (and other non-Jews)

areas29%33%35%36%38%

Total100%100%100%100%100%

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 2005 2010 2015 2020

6271

29 38

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TerrorismTerrorismAttacks

Israel: Total

Jerusalem and

Environs

Tel Aviv and

Environs

Haifa and Environs

1967 - 19991,559357148352000 - 9.20035771253718

CasualtiesFatalities

1967 - 19991,004249153142000 - 9.20039152519053

Wounded1967 - 19993,8431,141684752000 - 9.20034,1661,495677186

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Palestinian JerusalemitesPalestinian Jerusalemites

• With the outbreak of the first Intifada (at the end of 1987) and again in the second Intifada (which erupted at the end of September 2000), restrictions were placed on the movement of Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, impairing their earning ability, which had been based on employment in economic transactions with Israel.

• However, the Palestinian inhabitants of Jerusalem continued to enjoy freedom of movement, and with it broader and more varied job opportunities compared to those whom closure, curfew, or the separation barrier prevented from crossing the Green Line.

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Palestinian JerusalemitesPalestinian Jerusalemites

• The city's Palestinian inhabitants acquired economic advantages compared to Palestinians in the adjacent localities.

• At the same time, though, the cost of housing in Jerusalem rose sharply. Many Palestinians left the city. Nevertheless, Jerusalem's unique economic and geopolitical situation prompted them to maintain their official address in Jerusalem even after they left the city, in order to retain their coveted "blue ID card".

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Metropolitan JerusalemMetropolitan JerusalemFrom City to Metropolis

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MetropolizationMetropolization

• Out-going migration, mainly to suburbs

• Damage to the image of the city

• Deterioration of tax base

Acute issues

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Metropolitan JerusalemMetropolitan Jerusalem

• The city of Jerusalem constitutes the core of the settled area around it, and as such acts as the economic, social, cultural, and also political center for the Arab and Jewish communities in and around the city.

• The development of the Jerusalem area as one space, until its partition in 1948 and since its reunification in 1967, has brought into being a unitary urban system bearing a common infrastructure and strong attachments between the Israeli and Palestinian neighborhoods and localities, particularly in the city proper and in the inner ring of surrounding localities.

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Surrounding PopulationSurrounding Population

• The origin of much of the population that currently resides in the localities around Jerusalem is actually the city of Jerusalem. Migration to the outlying localities is under way by Jews and Arabs, by Haredis and secular Jews. Many of those leaving the city are seeking cheaper or more spacious housing, but they continue to work in Jerusalem and to avail themselves of services in the city.

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The Security FenceThe Security FenceReality and Alternatives

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The Security FenceThe Security Fence

Fence configuration – approx. 57 miles in the Jerusalem area. Around Maale Adumim: 23 more miles

Wall configuration – approx. 8 miles in the Jerusalem area

Source: ministry of defense

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The Route, Crossing PointsThe Route, Crossing PointsCurrently Executed Route

Fence separating Palestinians from Palestinians, creating conflicts

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Israel's Supreme CourtIsrael's Supreme CourtMap submitted on an appeal by Beit Surik and others against the route

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The Current RouteThe Current Route

Betar Illit

Efratha

Maale Adumim

Bethlehem

Givat Zeev

Ramallah

Source: Ministry of Defense

Old City

As decided by the Israeli government on Feb. 20th, 2005(post Israeli High Court decision)

Original route (2002)

New (corrected) route

Fortified road

Tunneled road

Ma'ale Adumim area

1949 armistice line

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Demographic AlternativeDemographic AlternativeJIIS


Life Pattern AlternativeLife Pattern AlternativeJIIS


Metropolitan AlternativeMetropolitan AlternativeJIIS

Jerusalem: A City in TransitionJerusalem: A City in TransitionPopulation and Spatial Relations

Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studieswww.jiis.org.il

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Jerusalem : city in transition