THE NATURE OF SPEAKING

WHAT SPEAKERS DO

1.Speech production

– Conceptualization and formulation

– formulation

– Articulation

2.Self-monitoring and repair

3.Automaticity

4.Fluency

5.Managing talk

SPEECH PRODUCTION

- is the process by which spoken words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics formulated and then finally is articulated by the motor system in the vocal apparatus.

Three stages:

1. Conceptualization and formulation

• to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed

2. Formulation

• the linguistic form required for that word's expression is created.

3. Articulation

• involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics of a word and the motor coordination of appropriate phonation and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the vocal apparatus

SELF-MONITORING AND REPAIR

Self-monitoring happens concurrently with the stages of conceptualization, formulation, and articulation… A re-think at the planning stage may result in the abandonment of the

message altogether, as when someone starts to gossip and realizes the subject of the gossip is within hearing

distance!...

Hand in hand with monitoring is the ability to make running repairs … Repair can take the form of an immediate

correction or ‘retrace-and –repair’ sequences, that is, when the speaker retraces or ‘re-winds’ an utterance, and starts again, but with a different sequence of words or phrases…

AUTOMATICITY

In order to achieve any degree of fluency, some degree of automaticity

is necessary. It allows speakers to focus on their attention on

the aspects of the speaking task …

In this sense, speaking is like any other skill, such as driving or playing a musical instrument: the more

practice you get, the better it is …

FLUENCY

1.Speed

2.Pausing

3.Placement of pauses

4.The length of run

5 Speaking Rules

1. Don't study grammar too much

2. Learn and study phrases

3. Reading and Listening is NOT enough. Practice Speaking what you hear!

4. Submerge yourself

5. Study correct material

MANAGING TALK

1.Interaction

2.Turn-taking

3.Paralinguistics

WHAT SPEAKERS KNOW

1.Linguistic knowledge

2.Psycholinguistic knowledge

3.Sociolinguistic knowledge

4.Discourse knowledge

TYPES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

A. Monologue 1. Planned 2. UnplannedB. Dialogue 1. Interpersonal a. Familiar b. Unfamiliar 2. Transactional a. Familiar b. unfamiliar

WHAT MAKES SPEAKING DIFFICULT?

1.Clustering

2.Redundancy

3.Reduced form

4.Performance variables

5.Colloquial language

6.Rate of delivery

7.Stress, rhythm, and intonation

8. Interaction

MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING

1. Produce chunks of language of different length.

2. Orally produce differences among the English phonemes and allophonic variants.

3. Produce English stress patterns and intonational contours.

4. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases.

5. Use an adequate number of lexical units (words) to accomplish pragmatic purposes.

6. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.

7. Monitor your own oral production and use various strategic devices – pauses, fillers, self-correction, backtracking – to enhance the clarity of the message.

8. Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (tenses, agreement, etc), word order, etc

9. Produce speech in natural constituent – in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breath groups, and sentences.

MICROSKILLS OF SPEAKING

10. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms.

11. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.

12. Accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to their contexts.

13. Use appropriate registers, implicature, pragmatic conventions, and other sociolinguistic features.

14. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, and generalization.

15. Use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language to convey meanings.

16. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key words, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understanding you.

THANK YOU