Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
For a History of The Social Web http://tinyurl.com/2c6vc2
Citation preview
Trebor ScholzDepartment of Media [email protected] Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0
The Participatory Turnin Social Life Online
1
•part 2 The Ineptitude and Affordances of the Crowd
2
Empowerment
The networked public sphere enables anyone to go through her practical life observing the social environment through new eyes -- the eyes of someone who could inject a thought, a criticism, a concern into public debate.
p 11
3
del.icio.us
BlogsLiveJournal, Blogger, Typepad, WordPress
WikisJotSpot (Google), Wikispaces
Tagging & Social Bookmarksdel.ico.us
Social FilteringDigg, Reddit, StumbledUpon
XML Syndication (e.g., RSS)Bloglines, Technorati
Social NetworksFacebook, Twitter, Xing
Milieus of Influence
4
Peer production
Immersive entertainment
Encyclopedias
News & commentary
Production used to be constrained to large (physical) capital (i.e. steel production)
(WoN) p 55
Bookmarks
Blogs
Feeds
Tags
Feeds
Comments
Bookmarks
CI & the Blogosphere
6
Bookmarks
Blogs
Feeds
Tags
Feeds
Comments
Bookmarks
CI & the Blogosphere
6
Bookmarks
Blogs
Feeds
Tags
Feeds
Comments
Bookmarks
CI & the Blogosphere
6
8 days after a video was posted showing how to pick the lock in 30 seconds using a pen, Kryptonite recalled 380,000 locks
Businesses can’t stop the conversation...so they try to harness it for your benefit
7
•Collective Intelligence
8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence
The full impact of such technology on collective intelligence and political effort has yet to be felt, but the anti-globalization movement relies heavily on e-mail, cell phones, pagers, SMS, and other means of organizing before, during, and after events.
illustration edited by TS
9
http://tinyurl.com/2gk6jv
Collective intelligence is the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration.
10
Google uses the knowledge millions of people have stored in the World Wide Web to provide remarkably useful answers to users' questions
Wikipedia motivates thousands of volunteers around the world to create the world's largest encyclopedia
http://cci.mit.edu/
11
When you run SETI@home on your computer, it will use part of the computer's CPU power, disk space, and network bandwidth. You can control how much of your resources are used by SETI@home, and when it uses them.
http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/info.php
13
Collective intelligence changes the role of expert knowledgeas sole authority
14
15
Motivations
Social connectedness
Psychological well-being
Gratification
Material gain
WoN p 6
16
Opening up of Classrooms Mass Collaboration
Open EducationalResources
EDUCATION
17
•Effects
19
The networked public sphere is a fact, not a fad
Reality rather than utopia
Autonomy here is not so much a philosophical concept but an actual individual experience
WoN p 9
20
Enhanced Autonomy
1) Improves capacity to do more for and by themselves
2) Enhances capacity to do more in loose commonality with others (without the hierarchies of traditional organizations)
3) Improves capacity of individuals to do more in organizations that are outside the market sphere
WoN p 8
21
Method
When evaluating democratization we need to compare the actualities of the networked public sphere to the reality of commercial mass media. Forget the idealized projections of the early and mid-90s.
WoN p 10
22
Information overload
Filtration, relevance, and accreditation
Mutual pointing, peer review, pointing to original sources of claim
Local clusters, peer-review-like qualities
WoN p 12/13
23
From writing to a limited audience to authoring for a broad audience
Novel Forms of Publishing and Research
24
Commercial Mass Media
What are the failures of commercial mass media as platforms for public discourse?
25
Objections
Babel Objection
You can speak but who listens
WoN p 1026
Influence of mass media decreases
Individuals are less susceptible to manipulation by a class and/or owners of mass communication media
They are more likely to author their own lives, perhaps perceive a broader range of possibilities
27
Limits of Mass Media
Small cadre of commercial journalists
Commercial journalists are given inordinate power to shape opinion and information
This power is for sale
28
Enhanced Individual Autonomy
Newly expanded practical freedom: to act and cooperate to improve the experience of democracy, justice, development, critical culture, and community
WoN p 9
29
Critical and self-reflective practice
200 million members on Myspace
100 million blogs-- people with a writing practice
30
Cost of becoming a speaker lowered
For authoritarian countries it is harder and more expensive to maintain control over public spheres (China, Singapore, Vietnam)
Cost of sending an email, setting up a web page is low
31
From Copyright to Creative Commons
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0
32
The Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative work available for others legally to build upon and share. The organization has released several copyright licenses known as Creative Commons licenses. These licenses, depending on the one chosen, restrict only certain rights (or none) of the work.
33
http://tinyurl.com/2e8mvhhttp://tinyurl.com/3blj62
From taxonomy to folksonomy
http://tinyurl.com/3bhbaa
34
Folksonomy (also known as collaborative tagging , social classification, social indexing, social tagging, and other names) is the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. In contrast to traditional subject indexing, metadata is not only generated by experts but also by creators and consumers of the content. Usually, freely chosen keywords are used instead of a controlled vocabulary.[1]
35
People come back to Digg.com because of the community
36
As much as 28% of Americans have taggedPew Internet Life Project: Report on Tagging
http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/201/report_display.asp
?37
? ??
?
38
http://tinyurl.com/2e8mvh
The Heavy Metal Umlaut, Jon Udell
http://weblog.infoworld.com/udell/gems/umlaut.html
39
•Crowdsourcing
40
•Crowdsourcing
Below-market wages, or no wages at all.
No written contracts, non-disclosure agreements, or employee agreements or agreeable terms with crowdsourced employees.
Crowdsourcing is a neologism for the act of taking a job traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people, in the form of an open call. For example, the public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task, refine an algorithm or help analyze large amounts of data.
41
Threadless.com
The company prints T-shirts with designs submitted to its Web site (for free).Expected revenue in 2007: $20 million
43
44
Lego asks inclined costumers to design new Lego sets.
44
The “Consumption” of a Service Increases Its Value
Over 1 Billion User ReviewsOver 1 Million User Reviews per Day
3.5 Million Paying Users
45
47
