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Overview of the current state of the arts of semantic technology and future trends Linked Open Data + Context-aware Services = Killer Apps of Semantic Technology
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2010.12.03
Semantic Technology:The State of the Art and Research Directions
Sung-Kook Han
Outline
Review of Semantic Technology
Hot Issues:
Linked Data
Context-aware
Future Research Trends and Conclusions
Semantic Technology
Semantic technology has been a distinct research field for more than 40 years.
Formal Logic (since Russell and Frege)
Knowledge Representation Systems in AI
Semantic Networks and ATN (William Woods, 1975)
DARPA and European Commission programs in information integration
Development of simple tractable logics
Relational Algebras and Schemas in Database Systems
Library Science (classifications, thesauri, taxonomies)
New challenges of Semantic Technology: Semantic Web
A massive store of information that computers cannot use
A way to get around needing the “big data warehouse”
Another place where “a little semantics can go a long way”...
cf: The Relationship Between Web 2.0 And the Semantic Web - Dr. Mark Greaves, Vulcan, Inc.
2010-11-27 [email protected] 4
Ontology Spectrum
Animal
Mammal ReptileBird
SnakeDog Cat
Cocker
Spaniel
Lady
Technologieshas_experience_in
Programsworks
Personnel
S1
Agent
Company
illusion
has WISO
Department
am
AS ASAS
LeoPaulnderleez
IntelligenceNavy
BradAnn
Howard
AssistantDirectorReza
Director
Technical
ManagementProject
TelecommunicationTask
Program
EcDARPA
Request
SemanticInteroperability
KnowledgeRepresentation
NaturalLanguage
Is Disjoint Subclass
of with transitivity
property
Modal Logic
Logical Theory
ThesaurusHas Narrower Meaning Than
TaxonomyIs Sub-Classification of
Conceptual ModelIs Subclass of
DB Schemas, XML Schema
UML
First Order Logic
Relational
Model, XML
ER
Extended ER
Description Logic
DAML+OIL, OWL
RDF/SXTM
Syntactic Interoperability
Structural Interoperability
Semantic Interoperability
weak semanticsweak semantics
strong semanticsstrong semantics
Based on Leo Obrst, The Ontology Spectrum & Semantic Models
Semantic Technology
OntologyOntology
MetadataMetadata
controlled vocabularycontrolled vocabulary
Web resourcesServices
Web resourcesServices
ImageAudio/Video
ImageAudio/Video
DocumentsDocuments
IntegrationIntelligence Interoperability
Semantic
Technology
Semantic
Technology
Machine-processibleSemantics
DigitalInformation Resources
Web Technology
Web of machine-processible Data
Common vocabularies: Metadata and Ontology
Query and reasoning
Web of Services
Internet of ServicesClassic Web
Social Web
Connect human-being
Web as a platform
Programmable APIs and proprietary interfaces
Mashups based on a fixed set of data sources
Web of Documents
HTML as document format
HTTP URLs as globally unique IDs
Hyperlinks to connect everything
Semantic Web
Standardizations Trio of Semantic Web
Metadata / Ontology: RDF, RDF, OWL
Query Language: SPARQL
Rule Language: RIF (SWRL)
SKOS, RDFa, GRRDL, WSMO,…
SOAP/ REST
Tools and Systems Authoring, Reasoning Engines,…
835 items in Sweet Tools
Best Practices Linked Open Data
Semantic MediaWiki
NEPOMUK, SIOC, Garlik
W3C Semantic Web Use cases
Sweet Tools: http://www.mkbergman.com/new-version-sweet-tools-sem-web/
W3C Semantic Web Case Studies and Use Cases: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/
2010-11-27 7Sung-Kook Han
Semantic Applications
Semantic Wave 2008, Industry Roadmap to Web 3.0, Project10X
http://www.mkbergman.com/new-version-sweet-tools-sem-web/
Web 2.0
Resharpen the way of viewing the WebWeb as the platform
Web as the social media
Web as the collaboration tool
Web as ……
Web 2.0 Manifestation Openness / Sharing
Participation / Collaboration
Web 2.0 Syndrome Library 2.0
Government 2.0
Enterprise 2.0
……
New Web applications wiki, blog, RSS,…
2010-11-27 9Sung-Kook Han
Web 2.0 Developers
Semantic Web Today
Major future issues:
• Vocabularies • Scalability• Provenance• Personal Infospheres• Mobile and Real World Networks
Web 2.0 APIs Today
MashUp
WebAPI
WebAPI
WebAPI
A CB
No Single global space:
• Mashups of APIs are proprietary.• No links between data.
Web APIs slice the Web into Walled Gardens.
Christian Bizer: Pay-as-you-go Data Integration (21/9/2010)
The Web is Dead??
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/08/ff_webrip/
Long Live the Web !
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web
Lessons Learned
Data is more important than API code.
Data is the Intel Inside.
Open data is more important than open source
Structured data is more valuable than unstructured.
We should seek to structure our data well.
Metadata will play a core role of data structure.
A little semantics goes a long way.
Beware the usefulness of shallow ontology shown in LOD.
Linking data and services are essential.
Link every thing.
Rich user experiences are the key for adaption.
We should consider mobile computing and personalization.
Visualize and navigate.
Linked Open Data
Web of Documents
A global file systems of documents (document silos on the
Web).
Implicit semantics of content and links
Designed for human consumption
Disconnected data
Linked Data: Web of Data
Goal: Web-scale Data Integration
Alternative to classic data integration systems in order to cope with growing
number of data sources.
Querying Across Data Sources
Global distributed database
Extend the Web with a single global data space
Giant Global Graph (GGG)
Demonstrate the possibility of Semantic Web
By using RDF to publish structured data
By setting links between data
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDFRDF
singleuniversal
information space.
Semantic Web: Web of Data
The vision of a Semantic Web:
building a global Web of machine-readable data
Berners-Lee, Hendler & Lassila, 2001; Marshall & Shipman, 2003
Linked Data Foundation
can lower the barrier to reuse, integration and application of data from multiple,
distributed and heterogeneous sources.
the more sophisticated proposals associated with the Semantic Web vision,
such as intelligent agents, may become a reality.
The first step is putting data on the Web in a form that machines can naturally understand, or converting it to that form. This creates what I call a Semantic Web - a web of data that can be processed directly or indirectly by machines. Therefore, while the Semantic Web, or Web of Data, is the goal or the end result of this process, Linked Data provides the means to reach that goal. -- Tim Berners-Lee, et al., http://linkeddata.org/docs/ijswis-special-issue, Jan, 2009
The first step is putting data on the Web in a form that machines can naturally understand, or converting it to that form. This creates what I call a Semantic Web - a web of data that can be processed directly or indirectly by machines. Therefore, while the Semantic Web, or Web of Data, is the goal or the end result of this process, Linked Data provides the means to reach that goal. -- Tim Berners-Lee, et al., http://linkeddata.org/docs/ijswis-special-issue, Jan, 2009
Linked Data Principles
Use URIs as names for things.
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful RDF information.
Include RDF statements that link to other URIs so that they can discover related things.
Community effort to
publish existing open license datasets as Linked Data on the Web
interlink things between different data sources
develop clients that consume Linked Data from the Web
Linked Data Model
http://.../isbn/46316
The Lord of the rings
English novels
dbpidia:Allen&Unwin
fb:guid…..92df7London
J.R.R. Tolkien
wkp-en:J.R.R.Tolkien
Marivie
83 Alexander St 83 Alexander
Flexible graph-based model: RDF graph
URI: global primary key
skos:subject = http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#subject dbp-prop:title = http://dbpedia.org/property/title
The HTTP protocol brings together identification
and retrieval again.
Deeper into the Web
dbp-prop:title
skos:subject
dbp-prop:author
dbp-prop:name
foaf:homepage
dbp-prop:publisher
opencyc:headquarterdbp-prop:city
fb:creator
fb:street_address
Browsing Data Model
Summary: the Web of Linked Data
A global, distributed database built on a simple set of
standards
RDF, URI, HTTP
Explicit semantics of content and links
Resources are connected by semantic links.
creating a single global data graph that span data sources
enables the discovery of new data sources
Provides for data co-existence
Anyone can publish data to the Web of Linked Data
Data publishers are not constrained in choice of vocabularies with
which to represent data.
Designed for computer first, humans later
LOD Data sets on the Web
http://richard.cyganiak.de/2007/10/lod/lod-datasets_2010-09-22_colored.svg
25 billion RDF triples, which are interlinked by around 395 million RDF links (Sep. 2010).
Supporting Technologies
Linked Data Browsers
Provide for navigating between data sources and for exploring the dataspace.
Tabulator Browser (MIT, USA), Marbles (FU Berlin, DE), OpenLink RDF
Browser (OpenLink, UK), Zitgist RDF Browser (Zitgist, USA), Disco
Hyperdata Browser Berlin, Fenfire (DERI, Irland)
Web of Data Search Engines
Crawl the data space and provide best-effort query answers over crawled data.
Falcons (IWS, China), Sig.ma (DERI, Ireland), Swoogle (UMBC, USA),
VisiNav (DERI, Ireland), Watson (Open University, UK), TAP, Sindice
Supporting Technologies
Describing data set
the discovery and usage of linked datasets
voiD, Ding
Registry
an open registry of data and content packages
CKAN
Linking tool
discovering relationships between data items within different Linked Data sources
SILK
Mapping tool
mapping database to RDF triples
Triplify, D2R Server
LOD platform D2R Server, Virtuoso Universal Server,
Talis Platform, Pubby, …
Data.Gov
Europeana
European digital library: Europeana: This European Commission initiative
encompasses not only libraries but also museums, archives and other holders of cultural
heritage material.
http://version1.europeana.eu/web/europeana-project
Linked Library Cloud
Libraries have been producing
metadata for ages.
Libraries (often) produce high-
quality metadata.
Library develops many metadata
standards such as DC, SKOS,
BIBO, OAI-ORE including
MARC 21, MODS, FRBR,..
Integrate Library Catalogues on
global scale
http://code4lib.org/conference/2010/singer
Linking Open Drug Data
linking the various sources of
drug data together to answer
interesting scientific and
business questions.
Survey publicly available data
sets about drugs
Publish and interlink these data
sets on the Web
Explore interesting questions that
could be answered if the data sets
are linked.
8 million RDF triples, which are
interlinked by more than
370,000 RDF links (As of
August 2009)
BBC Semantic Project
Publish program / music data as RDF/XML or RDFa
Build semantically linked and annotated web pages about artists and
singers whose songs are played on BBC radio stations.
semantically interconnected
DBpedia Mobile
Show map with information about nearby locations
Linked data browser
GPS + Google Maps + Dbpedia + Flickr + Revyu
Attention by Search Engines
Yahoo!
crawls Linked Data in its RDFa serialization as well as Microformat
Yahoo Search Monkey to make search results more useful and visually
appealing
use Social Graph API
is developing Google Squared and Google Fusion Table
merged MetaWeb
manage Freebase, a DBpedia/YAGO competitor
Linked Open Commerce
LOD: Next Step
Linking, Integration and Fusion
by Semantic Technology
Research Agenda
User Interfaces and Interaction Paradigms
Application Architectures
Schema Mapping and Data Fusion
Link Maintenance
Licensing
Trust, Quality and Relevance
Privacy
• see more details in IJSWIS Special Issue on Linked Data (http://www.ijswis.org/)
Context-Aware
???
Objects (including users) embody the establishing meaning.
The meaning arises according to the context in the course of action.
The services should be autonomously provided by means of the context.
Shoes !!!
Services…Objects…
Context: Concepts
Service Cloud
Search and find if you want!!
• Developers’ view
You may need these.I will deliver them.
• Users’ view
Context: Concepts
ContextContext
Web of Data Web of Services
Linked Open DataLinked Open Data
Domain OntolgiesDomain Ontolgies
IaaSIaaS
SaaSSaaS
PaaSPaaS
Multi-tenant, ubiquitous rich experience devices
CKAN
voiD
SIndice WSMO
USDL
Context: Usability
Gartner's top10 technologies for 2011
Context-aware Computing
Context: Definition
Context:
Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation
of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered
relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including
the user and application themselves. [A. Day and G. Abowd, 1999]
Typically , Location information, Proximity to devices, Places, Time,
Personal information, Environment factors as weather, temperature,
traffic, Status information of devices, Behavior of the user (e.g. talking,
sleeping, walking, …), User preferences, Personal fitness / health, Tasks,
Business process, …
Context is a essential, foundational information in human-computer interaction.Context is a essential, foundational information in human-computer interaction.
Context: Examples
Context Modeling
Context Model
Define and store context data in a machine processable form
Properties of context information
may come from disparate sources and has a relatively transient lifetime.
exhibits a range of temporal characteristics.
Static vs. dynamic
may be imperfect.
Out of date
Faulty information from sensors
Unknown (due to disconnection)
has many alternative representations
is highly interrelated and dependent
sometimes should be persistence
Long lived context (history,...) vs. Short lived context (temperature,..)
Context Modeling Language
Context Modeling Language (CML): a tool to assist designers with the
task of exploring and specifying the context requirements of a context-
aware application.
CML is based on Object-Role Modeling (ORM), which was developed for
conceptual modeling of databases.
CML provides a graphical notation designed to support the software engineer
in analysing and formally specifying
The model captures:
the different classes and sources of context facts
dependencies between context fact types
imperfect information using quality metadata and the concept of alternatives
for capturing conflicting assertions
associations between users and communication channels and devices;
histories for certain fact types and constraints on those histories.
Context Modeling Language
Standard Ontology For Pervasive Computing
SOUPA: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
FOAF : People Profile, and Relationship
DAML-Time: Time, and Scheduling
RCC, OpenCyc: Description, Analysis Place and context
MoGATU-BDI, COBRA-ONT: Display and Analysis of Knowledge
Policy ontology (Rei): High Level Rules, Access Control
Context-aware Applications
A cell phone will always vibrate and never beep in a
concert, if the system can know the location of the
cell phone and the concert schedule.
A coffee machine that senses the user can make
coffee according to preferences.
A t-shirt automatically adjusts the ambient
temperature of the room by sensing body
temperature.
An airline check-in count automatically issues the
board pass according to the passenger context.
When you visit Berlin at first time, your smart
phone connects Facebook users who have already
been there to ask the best way to West Bahnhoff.
Argument Reality
Conference Assistant Location Aware Information Delivery
A Context-Aware Recommender System
Tourist Guides & Navigation Systems
Office Awareness Systems
Emergency services
Telematics services
Workflow management
Smart workspace
Context aware advertisements
Package tracking services
Issues: Context-aware
Specific Context Definition to General Context Definition
Non-Flexible Context Models to Flexible and Extensible Context Model
Domain-specific Applications to General Frameworks
Provide Rich User Experience through diverse mobile devices
Service-oriented system based on Context Ontology
Research Directions
Real interaction: beyond the desktop and into the larger real world where we live and act. Real interaction: These technologies move the site and style of interaction beyond the desktop and into the larger real world where we live and act.
Real-world services: environment. ContextReal-world services: The desktop is a well-understood, well-controlled environment. Context-aware computing is for the real world services.
Summary: Context-aware
Catalyst and enabler to make semantic technology real… Catalyst and enabler to make semantic technology real…
Gun for killer apps of semantic technology…Gun for killer apps of semantic technology…
Real human-computer interactionReal human-computer interaction
Unlimited opportunities ahead…Unlimited opportunities ahead…
Wrap up and Conclusions
Semantic Technology
Semantic Technology
EnergyEnergyAero-SpaceAero-Space ManufacturingManufacturing
HealthcareHealthcare TelecomTelecom AutomotiveAutomotiveLife ScienceLife ScienceEducationEducation
BusinessBusinessBankingBanking LibraryLibraryCultureCulture
FoodFoodPublishingPublishing LawsLaws Human RelationsHuman Relations
Usability InteroperabilitySemantic Semantic
AggregationIntelligence
Ontologies usually are application domain-dependent.Ontologies usually are application domain-dependent.
Scalability PersonalizationPersonalization Context-aware
2010-11-27 53Sung-Kook Han
Industries
Public Resources
ServiceRepository
Service Cloud
SemanticSemanticService
Discovery
ServiceMashup
ServiceServiceDeliveryMan’mt
ServiceServicePartnerMan’mt
ServiceServiceAccessControl
KnowledgeConstruction
KnowledgeRegistry
SemanticSearch
Web-ScaleReasoning
KnowledgeManagement
Open Semantic Data Service Framework
Public DB
Government
R&D Education
Healthcare
Culture
Users
Delivery
Layer
Service
Layer
Core
Layer
Resource
LayerGlobal Open Knowledge base
Rich ExperienceUbiquitous
InnovationCreativity
InteroperabilityReuse
OpennessSharing
Open Semantic Data Services
Open Semantic Data Services
Research Strategy
Leave the Top-Down path.Leave the Top-Down path.
Demonstrate Performance.Demonstrate Performance.
A little semantics goes a long way.A little semantics goes a long way.
Remember the community.Remember the community.
Beware the usefulness of shallow ontology shown in LOD.Focus on the domain ontology.Be convinced of the benefit of Semantic Technology.
Beware the usefulness of shallow ontology shown in LOD.Focus on the domain ontology.Be convinced of the benefit of Semantic Technology.
No Grand semantic theory, No Grand upper ontologyDo not be overconfident about Semantic Technology.Do not oversell the Semantic Technology.
No Grand semantic theory, No Grand upper ontologyDo not be overconfident about Semantic Technology.Do not oversell the Semantic Technology.
Early release is the key.Show the power of Semantic Technology even though it is smallDo not oversell the Semantic Technology.
Early release is the key.Show the power of Semantic Technology even though it is smallDo not oversell the Semantic Technology.
Open and Share your ontologies, tools and platforms.Make it standard.Wikipedia is all about semantics.
Open and Share your ontologies, tools and platforms.Make it standard.Wikipedia is all about semantics.
2010-11-27 56Sung-Kook Han
Foundation Core Technologies Applications
Context:• Context modeling• Knowledge-in-context• Context ontology• Emotion ontology
Ontology• Ontology mapping/matching
Knowledge• Knowledge extraction• Knowledge mining
Semantic Repository• Automatic LOD population• Linking relational DB to LOD (D2RQ, D2R,)
• Scalable LOD store and repository
• Semantic index (Sindice, SIRE)
Large-scale reasoning• Large-scale reasoner (Larkc, SILK)
• Spatial/temporal reasoning• Parallel implementation of reasoner
Query processing• SPARQL engine• SPARQL/SQL integrator
Semantic Services• Semantic service• Semantic service platform (Talis)• Semantic service mashup
Semantic services• Semantic search/discovery• Semantic social network/semantic graph/semantics for Internet of things
• Context-aware service (location-based service, emotion-based service, personalized service)
Rich user experience• Personalized knowledge manager/Semantic browser (Siri, Nepomuk)
• Semantic augmented reality (semantics+mobile+service)
Embedded semantics• Green It using semantic sensor network
• Context-aware robot
Domain applications• Semantic business process management
• Semantic e-commerce• Semantic e-government• Semantic e-learning
R&D Agenda
Conclusions
Semantic Technologies need to go where the data is !
Long Live Semantic Technology !
Ontology is the common shared conceptualization.
Ontology is the common vocabulary to communicate.
We are live in the networked planet.
Connection, Cooperation and Collaboration !
Early adaptation of Semantic Technology is the king !
Link, Integrate,
Embed Semantic Technology!
2010-11-27 58Sung-Kook Han
