Upload
ilri
View
315
Download
7
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Michael Blummel, Purvi Mehta and Iain A. Wright at the Norman Borlaug Centenary Dialogue, Chennai, India, 13-15 March 2014
Citation preview
Multidimensional crop improvement to increase overall productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems and to support intensification of
livestockMichael Blümmel, Purvi Mehta and Iain A. Wright
Norman Borlaug Centenary Dialogue, Chennai, India 13-15 March 2014
Topics
2
Importance of crop residues as feed resource:
contribution, demand, monetary value
What differences/quality increments in crop residue fodder quality matter, and why
Exploitable variation in fodder traits in existingcultivars
Targeted genetic enhancement in fodder traits
Feed and intensification of dairy production
Dual-purpose crops: demand, value and exploiting existing
variations
3
4
Key feed sources in India: 2003and 2020
Feed Resource %
Crop ResiduesPlanted fodder crops
2003 2020
44.2 69.0 34.1 ?
Greens (F/F/CPR/WL) 17.8 <10
Concentrates 3.9 7.3
(summarized from NIANP, 2005 and Ramachandra et al., 2007)
Sorghum stover trading in Hyderabad
5
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju Jul Aug Sep Oc Nov0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Sorghum grain
Sorghum stover
3.4
6.5
Month of trading
Ind
ian
Ru
pee
per
kg
Yearly mean
2004 to 2005
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju Jul Aug Sep Oc Nov0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Sorghum stoverSorghum grain
6.2
10.2
Yearly mean
2008 to 2009
Month of trading
Comparisions of average cost of dry sorghum stover traded in Hyderabad and average of cost ofsorghum grain in Andhra Pradesh 2005 to 2005 and 2008 to 2009
Changes in grain: stover value in sorghum traded in Hyderabad from 2004 to 2009
Type and cost of sorghum stover traded monthly 2004-2005 in Hyderabad, India
Stover type Price IR / kg DM
Andhra 3.52b
Andhra Hybrid 3.15cd
Ballary Hybrid 3.54b
Raichur 3.89a
Rayalaseema 3.23c
Telangana (Local Y) 3.06d
7Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006
Relation between digestibility and price of sorghum stover
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 552.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03
Stover in vitro digestibility (%)
Sto
ver
pri
ce (
IR/k
g D
M)
Premium Stover“Raichur”
Low Cost Stover“Local Yellow”
Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006
9
Large scale rice strawtrading in Bihar, India
Chopping and retailing ofrice straw in Bihar, India
Price: quality relation estimates in rice straw traded monthly in Kolkata from 2008 to 2009
37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.5 42.02.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
Best (n=81)
Good (n=260)
Medium/low (n=273)
In vitro digestibility of rice straw (%)
Pri
ce o
f ri
ce s
traw
at
Ko
lkat
a tr
ader
sfr
om
200
8-20
09 (
Ind
ian
Ru
pee
s/kg
)
Teufel et al., 2010
Ingredients %
Sorghum stover 50
Bran/husks/hulls 18
Oilcakes 18
Molasses 8
Grains 4
Minerals, vitamins, urea 2
Feed block manufacturing: supplementation, densification
Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD
Comparisons of higher and lower quality sorghum stover based complete feed blocks in dairy buffalo
Block High(52% dig)
Block Low(47% dig)
CP 17.2 % 17.1%
ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg
DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d
DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %
Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d
Anandan et al. (2009a)
Stover digestibility and grain yield in new sorghum cultivars release-tested in India between 2002 and 2008
34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 640
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Kharif: y = 1473 + 44.2x; r = 0.17; P=0.05Rabi: y = 9208 -132x; r = -0.47; P < 0.0001
Stover in vitro organic digestibility (%)
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Blümmel et al. 2010
Straw in vitro organic matter digestibility and grain yield in 437 cultivars from IRRI
32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.50
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000AROMATICSHYBRIDSINDICANPTReleased varieties
y = 10 650 - 103.7x; r= - 0.19 P=<0.0001
Straw in vitro organic matter digestibility (%)
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Source: Blümmel et al. 2007
Blümmel et al., unpublished
Blümmel et al., unpublished
Dual-purpose crops: targeted genetic enhancement
Response of stover in vitro digestibility to 2 cycles of selection
Digestibility %
Grain Yieldkg/ha
Stover yieldkg/ha
Original 43.6 2 669 3 095
H1 44.5 2 596 3 460
L1 42.1 2 592 2 889
H2 45.8 2 564 3 168
L2 42.0 2 408 2 731
Choudhary et al (in preparation )
Mode of inheritance of some key traits in pearl millet stover
Trait Parent Crosses
High Low H x H H x L L x L
N % 0.85 0.72 0.84 0.80 0.73
Digest. % 43.3 40.3 43.7 42.2 40.3
Choudhary et al (2010)
Berhanu et al 2013
Blümmel at al., unpublished
Effect of introgression of different stay green QTL’s on stover digestibity of a Rabi sorghum background
23
Qualitative trait prediction in plant breeding basedon Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Non-evasivec. 200 samples/d>30 traits
Physico-chemicalc. 60 000 US $CalibrationValidation
NIRS equations sharable across compatible instruments
At current: ILRI
Key findings: dual-purpose crops targeted genetic enhancement
Generally more expensive and longer term than exploiting variations in existing dual–purpose cultivars
Conventional plant breeding can increase for example digestibility by 3 to 5 percent units
Several trait improvements feasible for example stay green effects on fodder quality and water use efficiency
Need for more conceptually designed proof-of-concept research, for example to determine ceiling values
Key elements of intensification: relativity of
feed requirements and implications
Feed allocation, methane production and natural resource utilization
India: Livestock and milk in 2005-06Milch animals Total animals Milk yield
x 103 kg/d
Cross Bred 8 216 28 391 6.44
Local 28 370 155 805 1.97
Buffalo 33 137 101 253 4.40
Overall herd mean 3.61 l/d
Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) and scenario-dependent
ME requirements for total milk production (81.8 million t/y) in India in 2005
ME required (MJ x 109)
Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5
6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8
9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8
15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
Effect of increasing average daily milk yields onoverall methane emissions from dairy in India
0 3 6 9 12 150.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Daily milk yield per animal (liter)
Met
han
e p
rod
uce
d (
Tg
)
current herd average milk yield of 3.61 l/d
(Blϋmmel et al. 2009)
(2005-06) 2020 2020 (fixed LP
Milk (million tons) 91.8 172 172
yield/day (kg) 3.6 5.24 6.76
Numbers (000) 69759 89920 * 69759
Metabolizable energy requirements (MJ x 109)
Maintenance 1247.64 1608.22 1247.6
Production 573.94 1075.00 1075.00
total 1821.58 2683.22 23266.6
Feed Req.( m tons) 247.50 364.57 315.6
* Calculated based on CAGR
Livestock revolution: Impact on energy and feed requirements
Findings: key elements of intensification
Important to realize that feed demand is context specific
Increasing per animal productivity and decreasing numbers of animals will have multiple beneficial effects
Reallocations of currently available feed resources in India could probably raise per animal productivity to
10 to 12 kg of milk per day
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
better lives through livestock
ilri.org