Micro Lec 1

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MICROPROCESSORTECHNOLOGY

Assis. Prof. Hossam El-Din Moustafa

[email protected]

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What is a Microprocessor?

Processors are the brains of computers. Other components allow a computer to

store or retrieve data and to input or output data, but the processor performs computations and does something useful with the data.

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What is a Microprocessor? Processors in early computers were

created out of many separate components, but as technology improved it became possible to integrate all of the components of a processor onto a single piece, or chip, of silicon. These integrated circuits are called microprocessors.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1971: 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. 4 bit microprocessor

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Intel 4004

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1972: 8008 Microprocessor The 8008 was twice as powerful as the

4004. The Mark-8 is known as one of the first

computers for the home

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1974: 8080 Microprocessor 8080 became the brains of the first

personal computer 8 bit microprocessor

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1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor 16-bit data bus 20 bit address bus The 8088 is a less expensive version with

only 8 bit data bus

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1982: 80286 Microprocessor 24-bit address bus Enhanced with memory protection

capabilities Introduced protected mode Backwards compatible

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1985: Intel386™ Microprocessor 275,000 transistors--more than 100 times

as many as the original 4004. Multi tasking First 32-bit processor 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus

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Microprocessor Evolution 1989: Intel 486™ DX CPU Microprocessor Go from a command-level computer into

point-and-click computing. A color computer for the first time Combined coprocessor functions for

performing floating-point arithmetic Later versions introduced energy savings for

laptops

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Microprocessor Evolution 1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor 64-bit data bus Wider internal data bus 128-and 256-bit

wide The Intel Pentium® processor allowed

computers to more easily incorporate "real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images.

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1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor 36-bit address bus Each Intel® Pentium Pro processor is

packaged together with a second speed-enhancing cache memory chip. The powerful Pentium® Pro processor boasts 5.5 million transistors.

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Microprocessor Evolution 1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor Introduced multimedia (MMX) instructions Doubled on-chip L1 cache 16 KB data, 16 KB instruction Introduced comprehensive power

management features; Sleep, Deep sleep In addition to the L1 cache, has 256 KB L2

cache

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1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon® Processor

Designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-range and higher servers and workstations.

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Microprocessor Evolution 1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor Enhances the performance of advanced

imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and speech recognition applications. It was designed to significantly enhance Internet experiences, allowing users to do such things as browse through realistic online museums and stores and download high-quality video.

The processor incorporates 9.5 million transistors

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1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor The Intel® Pentium III Xeon processor's

advance cache technology speeds information from the system bus to the processor, significantly boosting performance.

It is designed for systems with multi-processor configurations.

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2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Users can create professional-quality

movies; deliver TV-like video via the Internet; communicate with real-time video and voice; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players; and simultaneously run several multimedia applications while connected to the Internet.

The processor debuted with 42 million transistors

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2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor 64-bit processor Uses 64-bit address bus 128-bit data bus Introduced several advanced features

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2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor The Intel® Pentium® M processor, the Intel® 855

chipset family, and the Intel® PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection are the three components of Intel® Centrino® processor technology.

Intel Centrino processor technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter mobile computers .

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And finally

Dual Core Technology The first microprocessor that uses the

65nm semiconductor technology The first to have dual core on a die Dual core computing capabilities

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Moore’s Law In 1975, Gordon Moore observed that

shrinking transistor dimensions were allowing the number of transistors on a die to double roughly every 18 months.

For microprocessors, the trend has been closer to a doubling every 2 years, but amazingly this exponential increase has continued now for 30 years

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The Future of Moore’s Law

No exponential trend can continue forever, and this simple fact has led to predictions of the end of Moore’s law for decades.

There have already been a number of new fabrication technologies proposed or put into use that will help continue Moore’s law through 2015.

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References

1. “The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 -Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing”, Sixth Edition, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2003.

2. "Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design", S. Dandamudi, Springer, 2003.

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References

3. Intel Technology Journal, “Intel Centrino Duo Technology”, Vol.10, Issue 2, May 2006.

4. “Microprocessor Design”, Grant McFarland, McGraw-Hill, 2006

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Thank YouWith all best wishes !!