Lec 1 socio

Subject Code: SSCN01GNo. of Units: 3Course Description: A study of society and culture with emphasis on the patterns and processes of human relations, man’s development and role in the changes that occur in the society, and social issues involving population growth, environment degradation, rural and urban poverty.

Sociology with Anthropology

Learning Objectives:Cognitive – make the students understand

how society works and how such is affected by individual and human behavior.

Affective – Encourage students to inculcate in their minds and hearts the value of good membership within a specific large scale community.

Psychomotor – make the students apply in reality the various elements and values in the study of society and human development.

SCIENCE• Is the study of various phenomena and things in the world.• It is a body of systematized knowledge that shows the operation of general laws.• Main Goal: to describe particular things or events in detail and to set up hypotheses and test them.

Classifications of ScienceNatural Sciences – study phenomena and

processes as well as objects in nature, and provide systematic information about the nonhuman and physical aspects of the natural world.

** Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology

Social Sciences – involved in the study of society, social relations, and human behavior.

** Economics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and History

Introduction to Sociology

Sociology – is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups.- the systematic study of human society.- Latin “socius” - companion

Focus: - the influence of social relationships on people’s attitudes and behavior.- how societies are established and change.


Sociology perspective - stresses the powerful role of social groups and social forces in shaping social behavior

Sociology focuses on: all kinds of social interactions ( social acts, social relationships, and social organizations, & social processes)•Main focus is the group and not the individuals.


Sociology is concerned with the recurrent and repetitive forms of behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, and social institutions which make up the social order.

Sociologists seek not only the description but also the explanation of social behavior.

Sociologists are interested in interactions between people, the way in which people act toward, respond to, and influence one another.

Sociological Imagination

Charles Wright Mills (1959) – coined the term Sociological Imagination.

- It is used to underscore the relationship between what is happening in people’s personal lives and the social forces that surround them.


• is a quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of man and society, of biography and history, of self and the world. • It is a mindset that enables the individuals to examine their own experience by locating themselves in the period in which they live and by studying the events in the society.


• In this way they can better understand the relationship between their life and what is happening in the society, thus gaining a wider potential freedom from social pressures.

Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology

15th – 19th Century (Period of discoveries and explorations)- the beginning of anthropology- accounted from Western explorers, missionaries, soldiers, and colonial officials

• Early 19th Century – flint tools and artifacts were discovered in Europe

• Edward Tylor – the first professor of anthropology in Oxford, England

• Franz Broas – the first professor of anthropology in the United States.

1980 – ethnographers approached the study of local culture.

18th – 19th Century – development of sociology began in France, pioneered by Henri de Saint-Simon and Aguste Comte



20th century – modern anthropology started pioneered by Edward Tylor, Lewis Morgan, and Herbert Spencer

Structural functionalism was used by Franz Broas and Alfred Kroeber.

Other anthropologists followed:- Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe Brown- Ralph Linton, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead.

The Development of Sociology

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

- he believed that a theoretical science of society and systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve society.

- he coined the term “sociology”

- he considered sociology as the “queen” and its practitioners “scientists-priests”


Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) - offered insightful observations

of the customs and social practices of native Britain and United States.

- wrote a book “Society in America”

- conducted a research on the nature of female employment.


Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

- applied the concept of evolution of the species to the societies in order to explain how they change over time.

- adapted Darwin’s “survival of the fittest”


Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

- first professor of sociology in France

- insisted that behavior must be understood within a larger context, not just in individualistic terms.

- interested on “anomie” (the loss of direction that a society feels when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective)


Max Weber (1864)- taught his students about

“verstehen” - German word for “understanding” or “insight”

- pointed out that to fully comprehend behavior, we must learn the subjective meanings people attach to their actions – how they view and explain their behavior

- credited for a key conceptual tool, the “ideal type”

Ideal Type – is a construct, a made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.

- it was used to study family, religion, authority, economic systems, & bureaucracy.


Karl Marx (1818-1883)- with Friedrich Engels, attended

secret meetings in London of an illegal coalition of labor unions, known as the Communist League.

- they prepared a platform called Communist Manifesto (an argue that the masses of people who have no resources other than labor or proletariat should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies.)

- examined the industrial societies, he saw that the factory is the center of conflict between exploiters and exploited.

Modern Developments of Sociology

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

- preferred to use the sociological perspective to look first at smaller units – families, gangs, friendship networks

- increased our understanding of groups relatively small size


Jane Addams (1860-1935)- member of American

Sociological Society- with other female

sociologists, they combined intellectual inquiry , social service work, & political activism to assist the underprivileged society.


Robert Merton (1968)- combined theory and research- noted different ways in which people

attempt to achieve success in life- emphasized that sociology should

strive to bring together the “macro-level” and the “micro-level” approaches to the study of society.

Macrosociology – concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations.

Microsociology – stresses the study of small groups & often uses experimental study in laboratories.

Introduction to Anthropology

Anthropology – is the study of the human species and its immediate ancestorsFocus: the feature that is unique to humans – the cultural behavior.

Introduction to Anthropology

the study of humanity and its society

It is a scientific study of humanity, the similarities and diversity of cultures, and it attempts to present an integrated picture of humankind.

Anthropology

Biological Anthropolo

gy

Linguistic Anthropolo

gy

Cultural Anthropolo

gy

Archaeology

Genetics & Evolution

Fossil records

Biodiversity

Primatology

Prehistoric Archaeology

Historic Archaeology

Cultural Resource

Management

Culture as species trait

Variation in cultural systems

Processes of cultural change

Descriptive linguistic

Language evolution

Ethno semantics

Biological AnthropologyThe study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.

Archaeological AnthropologyThe study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through the culture’s material remains.

Cultural AnthropologyThe study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

Linguistic AnthropologyThe descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, & society.

Applied AnthropologyFocuses on the application of the ideas and information gathered for the solution of specific problems in order to achieve practical ends.

Unifying Themes Linked with Anthropology

Universalism All people are fully and equally human, whether they belong to indigenous groups or an urbanized area.

Integration Anthropologists view societies within the context of the larger world or global perspective so that the influence of the global markets on small island societies, as well as the strategic concerns of foreign powers, is also studied.


AdaptationAnthropologists study how humans are affected by their surroundings or environment and what adjustments they make.


HolismIt means getting the whole picture of a phenomenon and the application of knowledge from different fields in order to understand an aspect of behavior.


That’s all...Thank you...

Education

Lec 1 socio