Nicos KomninosURENIO Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Intelligent Cities: A new planning paradigm15 years research at URENIO

3. Applied Research at URENIO: Developing solutions for intel cities

2. Theoretical Research at URENIO: Models for intelligent cities

1. Introduction: Intelligent/smart cities as a new planning paradigm

Intelligent / smart cities: A new topic – a rising literature (2001-2015)

Data source: Google Scholar (05/03/2016) patents and citations not included

Intelligent / smart cities literature: turning point 2010

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"Intelligent city" "Intelligent cities" "Smart city"

"Smart cities" Total

Genesis of the need for intelligent cities

URBANISATION

The smart city as a geographical space able to manage resources and waste of rising urban population in a sustainable way

The contemporary urban economy and society has become knowledge-based and innovation-led: Knowledge cities, innovation cities, innovating cities, creative cities. R&D, knowledge and innovation are main drivers of city’s development. City governance and planning are moving towards public-private partnerships and triple-helix alliances.

INNOVATION –LED URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Genesis of conditions for the creation of ICs

CONNECTED INTELLIGENCE

A new spatiality / layer (digital / intelligence) has been added on the urban agglomeration, activities, infrastructures, regulation and planning. It is composed of broadband networks, user interfaces, content applications, and e-services. All these artcrafts create un umbrella of communication and cooperation over the cities, locally and globally.

DIGITAL SPACE

IC: A new planning paradigm. In the log run, a new urban reality

2. Theoretical Research at URENIO: Models for intelligent cities

1. Evolution of systems of innovation and rise of intelligent cities

2. Structure: City-Innovation-Digital layers

3. Functioning of ICs: Innovation circuits C1 (digital), C2 (decision), C3 (behaviour)

4. Knowledge functions on physical, institutional, digital spaces

5. Models of spatial intelligence: agglomeration of apps, orchestration, empowerment, instrumentation)

6. Strategic planning. A roadmap of 3 stages and 7 step

7. Governance: Actors – Architectures of intelligence – Activities & innovation-for-all

8. Typology of strategies

9. Ontology of intelligent city / ontologies of smart city apps

10. Design and development of smart city applications

11. Measurement and benchmarking for IC performance

12. Challenges / problems to solve:

o Smart cities - smart growth

o Employment and start-ups

o Safety and security in the city

o Environment, climate change, zero emissions

1.1. Intelligent / smart cities: theoretical research on IC models

MIT Smart Cities Group: “The new intelligence of cities, resides in the increasingly effective combination of

digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors

and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)”.

URENIO Research: “The term ‘intelligent city’ describes a territory (community, district, cluster, city, and

city-region) with four main characteristics: (1) a creative population and developed knowledge-intensive

activities, (2) embedded institutions and routines for knowledge creation (3) a developed broadband

infrastructure, digital spaces, e-services, and online knowledge management tools; and (4) a proven ability

to innovate”.

European Smart Cities: “A Smart City is a city well performing in 6 characteristics, built on the ‘smart’

combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens: (1) Smart

economy (competitiveness), (2) Smart people (social and human capital), (3) Smart governance

(participation), (4) Smart mobility (transport and ICT), (5) Smart environments (natural resources), and (6)

Smart living (quality of life)”

IBM Smart Planet Initiative: "A smarter city is one that uses technology to transform its core systems and

optimise the return from largely finite resources. By using resources in a smarter way, it will also boost

innovation, a key factor underpinning competitiveness and economic growth”.

1.1. Intelligent cities: Multiple definitions, but convergence in concept

Source: Wordle visualisation

1.1. Intelligent cities: Multiple definitions, but convergence in concept

Cloud CoreSmart City Apps

Valladolid

Agueda

Manchester

Thessaloniki

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

Cluster

District

Infra

All

All

Gov

Living

Perimeter

REGIONAL SYSTEM OF

INNOVATION

Innovation Financing

Banks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional

Incentives

Technology Transfer

Organisations

Tech Parks, Tech Networks,

Brokers, Consultants

Universities /

Research

Institutes

Public R&D

Laboratories

Private R&D

and Training

Centres

Technology Information System

Patents, Standards, Technical

Publications, Emerging Markets,

Foresight

CLUSTERS

Group of companies in co-

operation

Vertical / Horizontal

Industry clusters and

sectors

Housing Districts

University

Science Parksand Incubators

Transporthubs

CBDPort district

City and Districts

Digital space – smart technologies level

Knowledge and innovation level

People, activities, infrastructure level

N S C A

S N P O

P A I

1.2. Structure: Three building blocks, evolutionary process

1.2. Structure: (1) The urban space layer

Industry clusters and

sectors

Housing Districts

University

Science Parksand Incubators

Transporthubs

CBD

City and Districts

Port

The city of users and practicesPeoplePractices that take place in citiesAgglomeration and clusters City districts and neighbourhoodsThe form of the city / buildings becomes background for augmented reality applications

Technology transfer Reverse engineering R&D based NPD

Networking achitectures

Company (ies)

Supliers

Supliers

Supliers

Supliers

Government Regional policy; Strategic

planning; Business associations; Stakeholders

FinancingBanks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional Incentives, Crowdfunding

Technology and Information Intermediaries

•Technology transfer agencies; Consultancy; Tech Networks;

Patents; Standards; Market watch

Public R&D

Private R&D

Customers

Customers

Users

University R&D

Businesssectors

Businessclusters

1.2. Structure: (2) The innovation space layer

CLOUD

INTERNET OF THINGS

QR CODES –AUGMENTED REALITY

User-driven in smart environments

User-driven innovation and glocal collaboration Evolution towards open, user-driven systemsInnovation networks merge with Internet networks Cyber-physical systems of innovation

15

1.2. Structure: (3) Digital space layer

The digital space ofBroadband networks and accessWeb / data technologiesSoftware applicationsE-services

City’s digital spaces and smart environments Broadband, sensors, digital

skills, data, software applications, e-services

City’s innovation systemChanging the city’s routines Policy and city planningPrivate and public investmentUser-driven, bottom-up innovation

Institutions for innovation

CityA system of systems

Routines within subsystemsNeeds, requests, problems Innovation circuit 1

Innovation circuit 3

Innovation circuit 2

Subsystem production

Subsystem living

Subsystem transport / utilities

Subsystem governance

1.3. Operation

Digital City Kyoto – 3D representation

Digital Corfu - Panoramic Taipei Street View – 3D scanning

1.3. Operation: Creation of representation intelligence (mirror cities)

Sto

ckh

olm

, S

tokab

Manchester, East Serve district

Singapore, Intelligent Nation 2015

Housing

Mobility

Health

Helsinki

1.3. Operation: Creation of collective intelligence (web 2.0 cities)

1.3. Operation: Creation of instrumentation intelligence (smart cities)

Intelligent Cities trilogy: Routledge 2002, 2008, 2014

Publications: Intelligent cities as ecosystems of innovation

Intelligent Clusters, Communities and Cities: Enhancing Innovation with Virtual Environments and Embedded Systems (2009)

Smart Applications for Smart Cities: New Approaches to Innovation (2012)

Smart Cities and the Future Internet in Europe(2013)

Smart Cities and Cloud Computing(2016)

Special issues in academic journals

3. Applied Research at URENIO: Developing solutions for intel cities

Software applications

Applied research at URENIO

Cyber-physical systems of innovation

Strategic planning for IC

http://apps4bcn.cat/en/

http://mashable.com/2012/12/26/urban-tech-wish-

list/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_

campaign=Feed%3A+Mashable+%28Mashable%29

3.1. Software applications: Solutions every city should have

Innovation economy• Investment and entrepreneurship• Creativity, research, and innovation • Work and labour markets• Products and services markets • Collaboration, clusters, districts

City infrastructure and utilities• Mobility, transport and parking• Energy saving, smart grid, RES• Water management and saving• Waste collection / reuse• Broadband, wired and wireless

Living in the city – quality of life• Housing • Health and social care• Education • Recreation and sports• Environment, safety and security

City governance• Decision making / e-democracy• Government services to citizens• City planning / city management• Monitoring and benchmarking

Innovation-for-alluser driven innovation / global

innovation networks

Tech : Big data / distributed cognition / adaptive spaces

Safety into the city

Tech: Real time alert and response / biometric

authentication

Open governance: transparency, accountability

Tech: Open data / semantic web

Saving resources and infrastructure

Tech: Sensor networks, smart meters, smart grid, forecasting

3.1. Software applications: A portfolio of open source applications

3.1. Software applications: Innovation-led development

SMART MARKETPLACEAggregation of commercial shops located in an area. Subsystems: business directory, virtual marketplace with e-shops, coupon site of promotional codes, review engine.

TECHNOLOGY OFFERRepository of technologies. Valorisation space for technical, IPR, market and funding issues. Agreement Space for negotiation

CITY BRANDING Points of Interest (POIs) in a city. Monuments, streets, squares, historical sites, recreation facilities. POIs connected to offer of goods and services

LIVING LAB SPACEThe LL application enables user-driven innovation and collaboration in the development and commercialisation of new products and services

CROWD-FUNDINGAlternative investments offered to specific goals, such as urban renewal, social entrepreneurship, NGOs actions, activism, social care in the city

3.1. Software applications: Transparent governance

IMPROVE MY CITYThe application gathers citizens requests, complaints and suggestions and administer the

response of authorities to reporting of non-emergency issues at any domain of the city life: environment, mobility, safety, crime, public space, buildings and monuments, and other. ImC allows citizens to report issues from their home using the web version, or while on the street using the mobile app (iOS & Android). Users may add comments, suggest solutions for improving the environment of their neighbourhood or add video and photos

PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKINGThe Benchmarking application enables the comparative assessment of energy or other resources use in public buildings. A deeper understanding is achieved through carefully chosen indicators and metrics that allow for observing how features and properties are distributed into a population of reference and which is the relative position of an entity into this population.

VISUALISATION of ADMINISTRATION DATAThis application enables the visualisation of key indicators and variables included in a dataset (budget, resources, capabilities, infrastructure, etc.). The application consists of five components, which offer the possibility to visualize main properties of the dataset: bar charts and pie charts that show trends and distributions; scatter-plots that reveal correlations between indicators; a node map which plots relationships among entities of the dataset; and a word cloud for the visual representation of content and text data.:

PEOPLE Smart City project, FP7, CIP-ICT-PSPPEOPLE Smart City project, FP7, CIP-ICT-PSP

Technology Park University of Bremen, GE City of Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR

Vitry-sur-Seine, Paris, FR Abando District, Bilbao, ES

PEOPLE: FOUR PILOTS

Thermi City Center

STORM CLOUDS project, FP7, CIP-ICT-PSP : Open source and cloud computing

CoreSmart City Apps

Valladolid

Agueda

Manchester

Thessaloniki

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

X Smart Mirror

Cluster

District

Infra

All

All

Gov

Living

Perimeter

Source: https://www.readwriteweb.com/

cloud/2011/04/the-cloud-stratosphere-infogra.php

Cost reduction

High fluctuation of demand

Cloud-based economiesZero entry cost

Scalability of costs

Pay-per-use

Costs corresponding to usage and revenues

Quality of service increase

No need of apps installation

Central update of versions

User empowerment

Instant scalability

Security against cyber threats and cyber crime

Trust, accountability, transparency. Reliability of complex infrastructure

Analytics and benchmarking

Disruptive business models: improved quality of service at low cost

STORM CLOUDS project: Combining open source and cloud computing

The city as agglomeration of applications over districts & nets

CBD / historic centerIndustrial districtsTechnology districtsUniversity campusTransport hubsPort area

Transportation networksEnergy networksBroadband networks

3.2. Behind the applications: Strategic planning for intelligent cities

City / Community Innovation ecosystem Digital space - apps

DISTRICT of REFERENCE

Social, physical space and infrastructureActivities / production systemSocial groups, cluster referenceHuman cooperation networks

Problems to solve

KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES

Intelligence information: collecting and distributing information

Acquisition / assimilation technology

Development of new services / products. Optimizing existing processes.

Dissemination of information, promotion services

Operated by a regional

back-office

Software platform

Data integration model

Foresight

Regional statistics

Regional performance

Sector performance

Market watch

R&D watch

Tar

get G

roup

s

Information portal, reporting,

alert, newsletter

Company audits

Authors Integrator Users

Feed back

+

+

3.2. Strategic planning for intelligent cities: How the layers get connected

3.2. Strategic planning for intelligent cities: A roadmap

1. The city: Physical and social characteristics, metrics, and challenges

2. The innovation ecosystem: Top-down / bottom-up change drivers

3. The digital space: Technologies and solutions for smart environments

Baseline conditions Strategy Development Implementation

4. Layers integration &

spatial intelligence

Knowledge functions at physical – institutional -

digital spaces

Collective intelligenceTechnology learning

Collaborative InnovationDissemination

5. IT solutions and e-

services development for each district.

6. Business models for

sustainability of e-services

7. Measurement index:

Documentation of impact, innovation, intelligence

Start of process

Multiple input

Subroutine

Subroutine

And /Or

Junction

Outcome / Export

End of cycle

3.2. FIREBALL project – FP 7 programme, FIRE

A series of case studies and white papers on smart city strategies and the role of future Internet technologies

Connecting smart cities – Living labs –Future Internet technologies

Creating a network among these communities

3.2. Intelligent Thessaloniki: (1) district focused, and (2) sector focused

In each district. Focus on the community / innovation ecosystem of the districtDevelopment of high speed broadband network: wired and wirelessFree internet users and businessesIntelligent environment applications: resource saving and optimizationNew e-services: digital markets, market intelligence, acquire technology, new product development, promotion and marketingUser and business training to create, give content, and use applications

“There are many diverse players who make the city: Business people, residents, commuters, elected officials, among others, that make millions of decisions each day which add up to the evolving form, structure, and character of cities.

These decisions are largely beyond the reach of any formal urban policy or plan, much less of any top down regulatory strategy. Many agents in such a system produce a self organizing strategy that effectively deals with a complex and `out of control’ environment.

Complexity theory shows how a distributed network of agents can produce outcomes that are coordinated and demonstrate intelligence collectivelythan individually.”

Innes, J. and Booher, D. (2000) Indicators for Sustainable Communities: A Strategy Building on Complexity Theory and Distributed Intelligence, Planning Theory & Practice, 1:2, 173-186,

3.2. Intelligent city strategy: Distributed intelligence into heterogeneous systems

3.3. Going deeper into the drivers of intelligence: Smart systems of innovation

“I think of intelligence as the high-end scenery of neurophysiology -the outcome of many aspects of an individual’s brain organization which bears on doing something one has never done before….

I like Jean Piaget’s emphasis that intelligence is what you use when you don’t know what to do.

This captures the element of novelty, the coping and groping ability needed when there is no ‘right’ answer, when business as usual isn’t likely to suffice”.

Calvin, W. H. (1998) How Brains Think. Evolving

Intelligence, Then and Now, London: Phoenix.

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3.3. Smart environments for innovation

CROWD-R&D

CROWD-FUNDING

CROWD-DATA

CROWD-IDEAS

LANDSCAPE

Co-design paradigm

Open R&D / open science

Collaborative ideas generation

Collaborative new product design

Platform-based innovation

Crowdsourcing R&D, data, skills, funds

3.3. Crowdsourcing platforms for innovation

Product design and development

Observing users into city

environments

Experimenting with users into LLs

Gaming

3.3. Living Labs (living urban laboratories) for innovation

CrowdfundingBus. Angel networksBusiness planning tools

OnlineR&D

networks

e-commerceAnalyticsSocial media

E-tech brokersOnline learningPatent databases

Virtual clusters

Producerse-suppliers

Supliers

Supliers

Supliers

Government Regional policy; Strategic

planning; Business associations; Regional

stakeholders

FundingBanks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional Incentives

Technology and Information Intermediaries

•Technology transfer agencies; Consultancy; Tech Networks;

Patents; Standards; Market watch

Public R&D

Private R&D

Customers

Users

University R&D

Business sectors

Business clusters

Virtual networksBenchmarkingNPD stage-gate

3.3. Creation of cyber-physical systems of innovation

City’s digital spaces and smart environments Broadband, sensors, digital

skills, data, software applications, e-services

City’s innovation systemChanging the city’s routines Policy and city planningPrivate and public investmentUser-driven, bottom-up innovation

Institutions for innovation

CityA system of systems

Routines within subsystemsNeeds, requests, problems Innovation circuit 1

Innovation circuit 3

Innovation circuit 2

Subsystem production

Subsystem living

Subsystem transport / utilities

Subsystem governance

3.3. INTERVALUE project, SEE: Digital platform & practices for R&D valorisation

GATE 1 GATE 2 GATE 3

Institutional: Deliver a detailed valorisation plan

Facilitation by technology advisersCover 100% of results

Funding marketing costsSelection by virtual marketsCooperation with VC / Business

angel communityOnline dissemination

Specialised services from R&D to product development

IPR policy Legal advice Co-funding / early stage funding

3.3. ONLINE S3 PROJECT: Horizon 2020, Online platform for smart specialisation

S3Applica

ons

S3BigDataAnaysis&Broker

-Userauthen

caon

S3DataAcquision&

Provisioning

MachineLearning

SQL&NonSQLqueries

SocialDataAggregator

EdgeDataCollec on

TheWorld

OverallpictureoftheS3pla orm

Develop an e-policy platform, augmented with a toolbox of applications and online services, able to assist national and

regional authorities in the EU to elaborate their smart specialisation agenda.

Offer guidance on implementing the strategies notably in terms of methods for delivery through innovation platforms

and ‘multi-actor measures’ and should integrate online evaluation and monitoring tools that enable an enhanced

‘real-time’ tracking of policy effectiveness

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Driving economic change through smart specialisation/RIS3Informal assessment - region XXXΣ

A lesson to keep:

Intelligent cities are about people and challenges in citiesDigital solutions are as good as the underlying process or practice