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AWM strategies in rainfed systems are different ways to influence rainwater flows in order to maximize infiltration in the soil, retain run-off and minimize losses, and range from field-scale techniques like stone bunds or manure application to watershed-scale structures like small reservoirs. Objective To synthesize existing knowledge, interventions, lessons, and gaps in knowledge regarding AWM Questions addressed ▪ who did what, how, where, with which results and why ▪ what are the lessons learned for longer term development efforts and interventions ▪ what are the knowledge gaps Sources of information ▪ 25 key resource informants ▪ more than 250 documents from peer-reviewed research papers to grey literature and projects documents, and from 1969 up to now ▪ AidData (most complete aid database publicly available) Knowledge gaps and research topics ▪ Integrated management and system perspective to improve water-crop-livestock interactions, to develop off-season cultivation options and market access ▪ Landscape approaches and ecosystem services to understand ecological landscape processes and trade-offs between ecosystem services ▪ Socio-economic studies to assess economic viability of mechanized techniques, to develop markets and to balance gender benefits repartition ▪ Governance and adoption to facilitate management of AWM structures, to raise awareness and to lever the factors limiting adoption ▪ Climate change and risk management to foresee the best strategies for adaptation to climate change and manage risk in the variable environment of the basin ▪ Development aid and impact assessment to evaluate the return of aid investments on water availability, food security and livelihoods; to develop common indicators for monitoring and impact assessments of AWM projects
Citation preview
Sabine Douxchamps Augustine Ayantunde
Jennie Barron
Evolution of AWM in rainfed crop-livestock systems of the Volta Basin
(Sou
rce:
P. C
ecch
i)
introduction evolution of AWM projects’ outcomes conclusions
▪ 395 000 km2 across six countries, 80% in Burkina Faso and Ghana
▪ 20.106 people:
▪ Degraded soils (38 and 11 %)
▪ N-S gradient of rainfall and of farming systems
▪ Basin level above threshold of water scarcity (1700 m3 yr-1 per capita), but North Burkina at 900 m3 yr-1 per capita.
Burkina Faso Ghana
Poverty (>1$/d) 61% 45%
Growth rate 3.4% 2.1%
Rainfed crop-livestock systems
90% 76%
introduction
(Source: GLOWA)
Evolution of cereal yields, livestock heads and agricultural area from 1961 to 2009 (Source: FAO) and potential yields (ICRISAT 2009).
introduction
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
19…
20…
20…
20…
20…
20…
Cere
al y
ield
s (k
g/ha
)
Burkina Faso Ghana
01000020000300004000050000600007000080000
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Live
stoc
k (1
000
head
s)Burkina Faso
Ghana
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Agr
icul
tura
l Are
a (
1000
ha)
Years
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Potential yield in the moist semi-arid tropics
Potential yield in the dry semi-arid tropics
▪ demographic pressure ↑▪ pressure on natural resources ↑
introduction
“Zaï”Tied ridging
Earth/stone rowsHalf-moon
Micro-catchment
Small reservoir
Macro-catchment
Rainwater / run-off Groundwater
Large dam
Small well
Drilled well
Mineral material Organic material
Live barriersStraw mulching
Manure
Smal
l-sc
ale
agr
icul
ture
In-s
itu, s
oil
stor
age
Mai
n pu
rpos
e
Irrig
ation
, liv
esto
ck
wat
erin
g
Dom
estic
Drin
king
w
ater
Indu
stria
l, la
rge
-sca
le
agric
ultu
reW
ashi
ng
and
cook
ing
Rooftop
(Source: CILSS)
(Source: CILSS)
introduction
“Zaï”Tied ridging
Earth/stone rowsHalf-moon
Micro-catchment
Small reservoir
Macro-catchment
Rainwater / run-off Groundwater
Large dam
Small well
Drilled well
Mineral material Organic material
Live barriersStraw mulching
Manure
Smal
l-sc
ale
agr
icul
ture
In-s
itu, s
oil
stor
age
Mai
n pu
rpos
e
Irrig
ation
, liv
esto
ck
wat
erin
g
Dom
estic
Drin
king
w
ater
Indu
stria
l, la
rge
-sca
le
agric
ultu
reW
ashi
ng
and
cook
ing
Rooftop
(Source: CILSS)
(Source: CILSS)
AWM strategies in rainfed systems are different ways to influence rainwater flows in order to maximize infiltration in the soil, retain run-off and minimize losses, and range from field-scale techniques like stone bunds or manure application to watershed-scale structures like small reservoirs.
introduction
“Zaï”Tied ridging
Earth/stone rowsHalf-moon
Micro-catchment
Small reservoir
Macro-catchment
Rainwater / run-off Groundwater
Large dam
Small well
Drilled well
Mineral material Organic material
Live barriersStraw mulching
Manure
Smal
l-sc
ale
agr
icul
ture
In-s
itu, s
oil
stor
age
Mai
n pu
rpos
e
Irrig
ation
, liv
esto
ck
wat
erin
g
Dom
estic
Drin
king
w
ater
Indu
stria
l, la
rge
-sca
le
agric
ultu
reW
ashi
ng
and
cook
ing
Rooftop
(Source: CILSS)
(Source: CILSS)
Objective
To synthesize existing knowledge, interventions, lessons, and gaps in knowledge regarding AWM
Questions addressed
▪ who did what, how, where, with which results and why
▪ what are the lessons learned for longer term development efforts and interventions
▪ what are the knowledge gaps
Sources of information
▪ 25 key resource informants
▪ more than 250 documents from peer-reviewed research papers to grey literature and projects documents, and from 1969 up to now
▪ AidData (most complete aid database publicly available)
introduction
BURK
INA
FA
SOG
HA
NA
Droughts
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Droughts
Societies of interventionMAI
N
ACTO
RSFO
CUS
/ CO
NCE
PTTE
CHN
IQU
ES
PRO
MO
TED
GLO
BAL
DRV
IERS
AN
D E
VEN
TS
demographic pressure
climate change awareness
Regional Organisms of Development Regional DirectionsNGOs and farmers’ organizations
Bilateral and multilateral cooperation
cash crops cropping system intensification
earth bunds
improved zaï
mechanized zaï
stone bunds improved stone bundssmall reservoirs
small scale irrigationhalf-moon
Politi
cal s
tabi
lity
in B
urki
na
Inde
pend
ence
s
Individual initiatives
Burkinabe and French researchers International research organizations
Technology transfererosion control soil and water conservation techniques
Crea
tion
of C
ILSS
Crea
tion
of t
he O
NBI
Crea
tion
of fi
rst
rese
arch
net
wor
ks
Awar
enes
s of e
cono
mic
an
d la
nd re
form
asp
ects
sustainable land management
resources degradation awarenessCrea
tion
of M
inis
try
of
Wat
er a
nd E
nvir
onm
ent
Crea
tion
of
the
PAG
IRE
land husbandryintegrated NR management NR and livelihood
Participatory approaches Participatory and gender approaches
farming system researchstaple food production
ecosystem research
earth bunds earth and stone bundssmall reservoirs
small scale irrigationmulching
small reservoirs medium and large reservoirs
State Industrials District assemblies and WUABilateral and multilateral cooperation
NGOsNational and international research organizations
MAI
N
ACTO
RSTE
CHN
IQU
ES
PRO
MO
TED
GIDA
Crea
tion
of t
he G
IDA
Crea
tion
of t
he W
RC
Politi
cal s
tabi
lity
in G
hana
evolution of AWM
evolution of AWM
Evolution of aid investments for AWM projects and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) projects in Burkina Faso and Ghana (Source: AidData).
Burkina Faso Ghana
Aid projects (total nb) 8192 7023
AWM projects (total nb) 195 46
Investments AWM (million US$) 641 258
(Source: AidData)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Burkina Faso
AWM WASH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Ghana
AWM WASH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Burkina Faso
AWM
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Ghana
AWM
evolution of AWM
Evolution of aid investments for AWM projects and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) projects in Burkina Faso and Ghana (Source: AidData).
Burkina Faso Ghana
Aid projects (total nb) 8192 7023
AWM projects (total nb) 195 46
Investments AWM (million US$) 641 258
(Source: AidData)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Burkina Faso
AWM WASH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Ghana
AWM WASH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Burkina Faso
AWM
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1975
-197
9
1980
-198
4
1985
-198
9
1990
-199
4
1995
-199
9
2000
-200
4
2005
-200
9
Aid
inve
stm
ents
(mill
ions
$U
S)
Ghana
AWM
From research projects
▪ numerous technical solutions
▪ benefits of AWM strategies for the agricultural system largely studied
▪ farmers’ perceptions and factors limiting adoption documented
From development projects
▪ 200 000 to 300 000 ha restored (zaï and stone bunds), yielding extra 80 000 tons of food annually
▪ more than 2500 small dams constructed or rehabilitated in Burkina and Ghana
▪ thousands of farmers trained, thousands of households in water users associations
projects’ outcomes
Controversy
▪ actual impact on livelihoods
▪ investments were ineffective
▪ environment in fragile areas of the Basin continues to degrade
Some recommendations for AWM projects
Local capacities
▪ play on factors triggering adoption
▪ local capacities and agendas should be better accounted for
Resources management
▪ combine water and nutrient management
▪ improve interactions between water, crop and livestock management
Infrastructures management
▪ participatory management of water infrastructures, integration of maintenance costs in project budget,…
Capacity building
▪ assumption of more responsibility, ways to deal with turnovers within management committees,…
▪ farmers’ capacity building for enlightened risk management and constant adaptation to new variable conditions
conclusions
(Source: Deserto Verde Burkinabé)
conclusions
Knowledge gaps and research topics
▪ Integrated management and system perspective to improve water-crop-livestock interactions, to develop off-season cultivation options and market access
▪ Landscape approaches and ecosystem services to understand ecological landscape processes and trade-offs between ecosystem services
▪ Socio-economic studies to assess economic viability of mechanized techniques, to develop markets and to balance gender benefits repartition
▪ Governance and adoption to facilitate management of AWM structures, to raise awareness and to lever the factors limiting adoption
▪ Climate change and risk management to foresee the best strategies for adaptation to climate change and manage risk in the variable environment of the basin
▪ Development aid and impact assessment to evaluate the return of aid investments on water availability, food security and livelihoods; to develop common indicators for monitoring and impact assessments of AWM projects
(Source: Deserto Verde Burkinabé)
Thank you!
6%
36%
0%4%
1%1%
5%
17%
30%
Ghana
AWM
AGRIC DEVELOPMENT
LIVESTOCK
FORESTRY
FISHING
AGRIC RESEARCH
EXTENSION AND TRAINING
AGRIC POLICY
WASH
9%
26%
1%5%
0%
3%1%
9%
46%
Burkina Faso
AWM
AGRIC DEVELOPMENT
LIVESTOCK
FORESTRY
FISHING
AGRIC RESEARCH
EXTENSION AND TRAINING
AGRIC POLICY
WASH
6%
36%
0%4%
1%1%
5%
17%
30%
Ghana
AWM
AGRIC DEVELOPMENT
LIVESTOCK
FORESTRY
FISHING
AGRIC RESEARCH
EXTENSION AND TRAINING
AGRIC POLICY
WASH
Repartition of aid investments in the area of agriculture and water, for the timeframe 2000-2009, in (a) Burkina Faso and (b) Ghana (Source: AidData). The category “Agric development” account for all projects that are not part of another category (e.g. linked to post harvest, crop management, industrial crops, or financial services).
