Dea

Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking Using DEA

Joe ZhuDepartment of ManagementWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MA [email protected]

Data Envelopment Analysis Joe Zhu

2

Outline

• What is DEA?• New Models/Uses

• Two-Stage Model• Context-dependent DEA• Benchmarking

• Books

Data Envelopment Analysis Joe Zhu 3

DEA & Banking

The Banking industry has been the subject of DEA analysis by researchers in various areas and probably is the most heavily studied business Branches Banks across countries

Bank Branch

InputsFTE in dollarsPremise/IT expensesOther Expenses

OutputsLoan BalancesDeposit BalancesSecurities BalancesGross Revenue

Bank Branch

InputsFTE in dollarsPremise/IT expensesOther Expenses

OutputsLoan BalancesDeposit BalancesSecurities BalancesGross Revenue

Source: Paradi et al. 2004


DEA

Deals with multiple performance measures (inputs and outputs) in a single integrated model Includes any necessary measures related to the

characterization of banking performanceIdentifies a “base-line” for comparisons in

continuous improvement programProvides specific targets for improvement

(over time)


- Regression can accommodateMultiple inputs oroutputs but not both

- Regression requires afunctional relationshipbetween in/outputs

- Regression provides onlyaverage relationshipsnot best practice

Why DEA?DEA Best-Practice Frontier

Input

Output

6

6 6

6

6

66

6

66

6

6

6predicted average behavior


Basic DEA Benchmarking Information

DEA gives Efficiency rating, or score, for each DMU Efficiency reference set: peer group Target for the inefficient DMU Information on how much inputs can be

decreased or outputs increased to make the unit efficient – improving productivity & performance


DEA & Performance ImprovementDEA Best-Practice Frontier

Input

Output

6 6

6

6K

Input reduction

6

D

Output augmentation

D¢

D¢¢


Benefits

The establishment of the efficient frontier consisting of the best performing DMUs

A projection to the efficient frontier - a guide to “what to do” for the DMU managers

The identification of the peer group, a reasonable argument why it is a FAIR comparison

An indication of how important a particular DMU is as a role model


How DEA works?

5 branches Three (B1, B2 & B3 are efficient – best practice frontier) B4 and B5 are inefficient Target for B4 is T1 (decrease inputs)

B4

B5

B1

B2

B3

T1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 20 40 60

Teller Hours

Su

pp

ly D

oll

ars


H4

H5

H1

H2

H3

T2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 100 200 300 400 500

Sales

Ma

rke

t S

ha

re

5 branches Three (H1, H2 & H3 are efficient – best practice frontier) H4 and H5 are inefficient Target for B4 is T2 (increase outputs)

How DEA works?


More Information on DEA Web

www.deafrontier.com …

Books Cooper, W.W., Lawrence M. Seiford, and K. Tone. 2000. Data

Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Reference Text with Models, Applications, References, and DEA-Solver Software. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

Zhu, J. 2002. Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

… Softwares

DEA Excel Solver (DEAFrontier) …

http://www.deafrontier.com/


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DEA & IT• Indirect impact of IT on productivity• Two Stage DEA Model• Chen, Y. and Zhu, J., Measuring information technology’s indirect

impact on firm performance, Information Technology & Management Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 1-2 (2004), 9-22.


What is Benchmarking?

... a process of defining valid measures of performance comparison among peer units, using them to determine the relative positions of the peer units and, ultimately, establishing a standard of excellence.


Acceptance System Decision Rule

Trout et al. (1996, COR, Vol 23, 405-408)– acceptance/rejection of credit risks

Seiford & Zhu (1998, COR, Vol. 25, 329-332)

Benchmarking


ApproachDEA Best-Practice Frontier/Benchmarks

Input

Output

T

6 6

6

6

T

T

6T

6

l

new activities


Business Process Re-engineering

s s s s s s s

traditional best practice

performance

time

• Compare new bank branches to the traditional best-practice frontier.


Benchmarking results

Overall, new branches’ performance is improving

New branch best-practice

traditional branch best-practice

Cook, W.D., Seiford, L.M. and Zhu, Joe, Models for performance benchmarking: Measuring the effect of e-commerce activities on banking performance, OMEGA, Vol.32, Issue 4 (2004), 313-322.


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Context-dependent DEA• Context-dependent

DEA• Consumer’s choice

is influenced by the context

• The performance of DMUs should also reflect “context”


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Journal of Marketing Research

• Book Review– context-

dependent DEA (identifying possible moderating results) intriguing and, conceivably, breathtaking.


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Service Productivity

• D. Sherman and J. Zhu, Service Productivity Management: Improving Service Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Springer, Boston, 2006, ISBN 0-387-33211-1.


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DEA HandbookW.W. Cooper, L.M. Seiford and J. Zhu Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, Springer, Boston, 2004, ISBN 1-4020-7797-1


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Modeling Issues W.D. Cook and Joe

Zhu, Modeling Performance Measurement: Applications and Implementation Issues in DEA, Springer, Boston, 2005, ISBN 0-387-24137-X.


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DEA & Finance• Mutual funds• CTAs• Hedge Funds

G. Gregoriou and Joe Zhu, Evaluating Hegde Funds and CTA Performance:

Data Envelopment Analysis Approach, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2005,

ISBN 0-471-68185-7 .


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