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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A2
Basic Chemistry
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition of Matter
Elements—fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Atoms—building blocks of elements
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes and Atomic Weight
Isotopes
Have the same number of protons
Vary in number of neutrons
Figure 2.3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Radioactivity
Radioisotope
Heavy isotope
Tends to be unstable
Decomposes to more stable isotope
Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecules and Compounds
Molecule—two or more like atoms combined chemically
Compound—two or more different atoms combined chemically
Figure 2.4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
Ionic bonds
Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Ions
Charged particles
Anions are negative
Cations are positive
Either donate or accept electrons
Ionic BondsPLAY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ionic Bonds
Figure 2.6
+ –
Sodium atom (Na)(11p+; 12n0; 11e–)
Chlorine atom (Cl)(17p+; 18n0; 17e–)
Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
ClNaClNa
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Polarity
Covalently bonded molecules
Some are non-polar
Electrically neutral as a molecule
Some are polar
Have a positive and negative side
Figure 2.8
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Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Weak chemical bonds
Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule
Provides attraction between molecules
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen Bonds
Figure 2.9
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Reactions
Atoms are united by chemical bonds
Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction (A + BAB)
Atoms or molecules combine
Energy is absorbed for bond formation
Decomposition reaction (ABA + B)
Molecule is broken down
Chemical energy is released
DisaccharidesPLAY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.10a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.10b
