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Copyright - Adapted from Glencoe-McGraw Hill
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A3
Cells and Tissues
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Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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Anatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
All cells have three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Three regions
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
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The Nucleus
Figure 3.1b
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The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a double membrane
Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
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The Nucleus
Nucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome assembly
Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
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The Nucleus
Chromatin
Composed of DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
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Plasma Membrane
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
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Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
Membrane StructurePLAY
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
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Cytoplasm
Contains three major elements
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
“Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
Inclusions
Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria
“Powerhouses” of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
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Figure 3.6
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a
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Figure 3.7b–d
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Three different types of elements
Microfilaments (largest)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (smallest)
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
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Cellular Projections
Not found in all cells
Used for movement
Cilia move materials across the cell surface
Located in the respiratory system to move mucus
Flagella propel the cell
The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8b
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8e
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f
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Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8g
