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Biomass production, processing, conversion and energy recovery as electric power.
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ABOUT BIOMASS FOR POWER
SOURCES, CLASSIFICATION, CHARACTERISTICS, PROPERTIES, CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING TREE SPECIES
FOR ENERGY PLANTATIONS
BIOMASS CONVERSION METHODS
WOODY Agro AQUEOUS WASTE
IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY SOURCES
INCREASING POPULATION WITH
INCREASED PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION
FOR
ELECTRICAL, TRANSPORT, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
CONSTANTLY INCREASES DEMAND FOR ENERGY
INCREASED PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION
AS POPULATION HAS INCRESAED RAPIDLY
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1965 - 2005
AT PRESENT, WE DEPEND MOSTLY
ON COAL, OIL AND NATURAL GAS (FOSSIL FUELS).
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At present, nuclear, wind and
hydro are the non-fossil fuel
sources of energy that
contribute to electricity
generation supplementing
coal, natural gas and oil.
Role of biomass in electricity Generation?
• At present, nuclear, wind and hydro are the non-fossil fuel sources of energy that contribute to electricity generation supplementing coal, natural gas and oil.
• Where cane sugar industry is thriving, with bagasse as fuel, electricity is produced along with process steam for the sugar industry.
• Contribution of biomass gasification with combined cycle or micro-gas turbine for power is yet to be fully established.
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The social, economic and environmental benefits of biomass
power are accepted for long term sustainability. The technologies
are progressively getting upgraded, attaining maturity, and
reaching commercialization. This is one of the renewable sources.
biomass
2002-2030
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Reference book Chapters
12 to15
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The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Another Reference book: Chapter 4 & 5
Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources
By
G. N. Tiwari and M. K. Ghosal
Narosa Publishing House, N.D. 2007
Chapter 4: Biomass, Biofuels and Biogas
Chapter 5: Biopower
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Route From BIOMASS to ENERGY
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What does it take to produce energy from biomass?
• Input for producing biomass: Seed, Land with soil, water, N P K + minor nutrients, sunlight and manual + animal energy.
• How to Make it a usable Fuel: Biomass Residue from other uses maybe used as biofuel for combustion [heat-> Engine] or may be converted by preparatory methods into derived S/L/G biofuel
• End use conversion devices: Thermodynamic cycles, Stoves, kilns, furnaces, steam turbines, gas turbines, engines and electricity Generators.
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BIOMASS UTILIZATION
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Environment Impact Assessment scope
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A set of factors explain the slow growth on the
biomass utilization . They include:
1. High costs of production
2. Limited potential for production
3. Lack of sufficient data on energy
transformations coefficients.
4. Low energy efficiency
5. Health hazard in producing and using biomass.
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Biomass conversion technologies
A number of modern biomass conversion
technologies are now available, which allow for
conversion of biomass to modern energy forms
such as electricity or gaseous (biogas, producer
gas), liquid (ethanol, methanol), and solid
(briquette) fuels. Biomass conversion
technologies can help in meeting different types
of energy needs, particularly electricity. Key
technologies for power generation that have been
promoted in India are gasification, combustion,
cogeneration and biomethanation.
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What is Biomass? What are its sources and how are
they classified?
BIOMASS • Biomass is material derived from plant and
animal sources.
• Products of Forestry, Agriculture, Urban and Industrial Waste Disposables are sources of biomass that may be converted into biofuels.
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Sources of biomass
Primary:
• Forestry-Dense, Open;
• Social Forestry
• Agriculture,
• Animal Husbandry,
• Marine
Secondary:
• Industry,
• Municipal Waste
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Classification of biomass based on physicochemical properties:
• WOODY,
• NON-WOODY or AGRO RESIDUE (cultivated),
• WET [AQUEOUS] ORGANIC WASTE (effluents)
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Forests
Discuss forests as multifunctional natural resource that can also yield
woody biofuel.
Forest resource base-India
• 1 % of World's forests on 2.47 % of world's geographical area
• Sustaining 16 % of the world's population and 15 % of its livestock population
• Forest area cover—63.3 mill. hectares, is 19.2% of the total geographical area of India.
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Causes of tremendous pressure on Forest resource base
• Exponential rise in human and livestock population
• increasing demand on land allocation to alternative uses such as agriculture, pastures and development activities.
• Insufficient availability, poor purchasing power of people in rural areas for commercial fuels like kerosene & LPG drives poor people to use firewood inefficiently as a cooking fuel.
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• A minimum of 33 % of total land area under
forest or tree cover from present 19.2%
cover.
•Recognize the requirements of local people
for timber, firewood, fodder and other non-
timber forest produce-- as the first charge on
the forests,
• The need for forest conservation on the
broad principles of sustainability and
people’s participation.
The National Forest Policy
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15.5 m. ha of degraded forest land has natural root
stock available, which may regenerate given proper
management under the JFM
•Another 9.5 m. ha is partially degraded with some
natural rootstock, and another six m. ha is highly
degraded. These last two categories together
constitute another 15.5 m. ha, which requires
treatment through technology-based plantation of
fuel, fodder and timber species with substantial
investment and technological inputs.
Joint Forest Management system.
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• Fuelwood and fodder plantations to meet
the requirements of rural and urban
populations.
•Plantations of economically important
species (through use of high-yielding clones)
on refractory areas to meet the growing
timber requirement.
• Supplementing the incomes of the tribal
rural poor through management and
development of non-timber forest products.
The emphasis will be on:
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• Developing and promoting pasture on suitable
degraded areas.
• Promoting afforestation and development of
degraded forests by adopting, through micro-
planning, an integrated approach on a watershed
basis.
• Suitable policy initiatives on rationalization of tree
felling and transit rules, assured buy-back
arrangements between industries and tree
growers, technology extension, and incentives like
easy availability of institutional credit etc.
The emphasis will be on cont…
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To sum up, tropical India, with its adequate
sunlight, rainfall, land and labour,
is ideally suitable for tree plantations.
With the enhanced plan outlay for
forestry sector and financial support
from donor agencies, the country will
be able to march ahead towards the target
of 33 percent forest cover.
Forestry in the New Millenium:
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What are agro-forestry, ‘trees-outside-forests [T o F]’ and
Energy Plantation?
Other than Forests we have thinner sources of trees.
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Integrates trees with farming, such as lines
of trees with crops growing between them
(alley cropping), hedgerows, living fences,
windbreaks, pasture trees, woodlots, and
many other farming patterns.
Agro-forestry increases biodiversity,
supports wildlife, provides firewood,
fertilizer, forage, food and more, improves
the soil, improves the water, benefits the
farmers, benefits everyone.
Agro-forestry
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agroforestry - A dynamic, ecologically based
natural resources management system that,
through the integration of trees in farmland and
rangeland, diversifies and sustains production for
increased social, economic and environmental
benefits for land users at all levels. Agroforestry,
the intercropping of woody and non-woody plants,
although age-old in practice, has now established
itself as a new science.
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Energy Plantation: Growing trees for their fuel
value
• ‘Wasteland’-- not usable for agriculture and cash crops, useful for a social forestry activity
• A plantation that is designed or managed and operated to provide substantial amounts of usable fuel continuously throughout the year at a reasonable cost-- 'energy plantation'
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Criteria for energy plantation-1
• 'Wasteland‘--sufficient area, not usable for agriculture and cash crops, available for a social forestry activity
• Tree species favorable to climate and soil conditions
• Combination of harvest cycles and planting densities that will optimize the harvest of fuel and the operating cost--12000 to 24000 trees per hectare.
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Criteria for energy plantation-2
• Multipurpose tree species-fuel wood supply & improve soil condition
• Trees that are capable of growing in deforested areas with degraded soils, and withstand exposure to wind and drought
• Rapid growing legumes that fix atmospheric nitrogen to enrich soil
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Criteria for energy plantation-3
• Species that can be found in similar ecological zones
• Produce wood of high calorific value that burn without sparks or smoke
• Have other uses in addition to providing fuel -- multipurpose tree species most suited for bio-energy plantations or social forestry
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Give examples of trees suitable for Indian climatic zones
Fast growing nitrogen fixing trees that can withstand arid wasteland
Indian TREES / WOOD:
• Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)
• Acacia nilotica (Babool)
• Casurina sp
• Derris indica (Pongam)
• Eucalyptus sp
• Sesbania sp
• Prosopis juliflora
• Azadiracta indica (Neem)
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Forage legume = vegetable,
• Regeneration of earthworm populations in a
degraded soil by natural and planted fallows under
humid tropical conditions
• Use of Leucaena leucocephala: Fodder,
fuelwood, erosion control, nitrogen fixation,
alley cropping, staking material
• Ntrogen fixation legume: Due to Leucaena
leucocephala crop wasteland is reclaimed
Leucaena leucocephala Crop Use:
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HYDROCARBON PLANTS, OIL PRODUCING SHRUBS:
• Hydrocarbon-- Euphorbia group
• & Euphorbia Lathyrus
• OIL Shrubs-- Euphorbia Tirucali
• Soyabean
• Sunflower
• Groundnut
• Jatropa
Discuss Properties & characteristics of
biomass
Wood – Agro residue – aqueous Waste
Properties of Solid Biomass :
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Chemical Composition of Solid Biomass :
• Total Ash %,
• Solvent soluble %,
• Water Soluble %,
• Lignin %,
• Cellulose %,
• Hemi-cellulose %
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Elemental Composition:
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur
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Properties of Wet and Biodegradable biomass:
• C O D value
• B O D value
• Total dissolved solids
• Volatile solids
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What intervention is needed in traditional and primitive
rural utilization of biomass as fuel?
By overcoming poor purchasing power for LPG /Kerosene [to eliminate biofuel]
and investing in Energy Plantations
Make biofuel use economical and use efficient with new technology.
Problems in use of bio-fuels
Traditional biomass use is characterized by
• low efficiency of devices, scarcity of fuelwood, drudgery associated with the devices used,
• environmental degradation (such as forest degradation) and low quality of life.
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• In the twenty-first century, energy is not as it
always was.
• Yesterday’s world was entirely dependent on
biomass, particularly wood for heating and
cooking.
• A century ago biomass was eclipsed by fossil
fuels. Biomass is generally viewed with disfavor
as something associated with abject poverty.
• Yet there is another side to biomass; there is
now something of a resurgence going on. As
fossil fuel prices increase, biomass promises (?)
to play a more active role as a utility fuel, a motor
vehicle fuel, and a supplement to natural gas.
Rural India & ‘bio-energy’ • Before the advent of fossil fuels, energy needs for all activities
were met by renewable sources such as solar, biomass, wind, animal and human muscle power.
• In rural India, traditional renewables such as biomass and human and animal energy continue to contribute 80 % of the energy consumption [MNES, 2001].
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Share of bio-energy in primary energy consumption in India
In India, the share of bio-energy was estimated at
around 36 % to 46 % of the total primary energy
consumption in 1991 [Ravindranath and Hall, 1995], and has
come down to around 27 % in 1997 [Ravindranath et al.,
2000].For cooking, water heating and village industry,
use of firewood may have been substituted by LPG,
kerosene and diesel. Though availability has improved,
now prices are increasing. Improved cook stoves?
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Eliminate excess use of fuel wood as rural Heating and
cooking Fuel: Fuelwood accounts for 60% of the total fuel
in the rural areas. In urban areas, the consumption pattern
is changing fast due to increased availability of commercial
fuel (LPG, kerosene, and electricity). During 1983–1999, the
consumption of traditional fuel declined from 49% to 24%
and LPG connection to households increased from 10% to
44%. Developments in the petroleum sector facilitate the
availability of (subsidized) LPG and kerosene, the two most
important forms of energy preferred as substitutes for
fuelwood in households for cooking.
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Commercial fuel =
(LPG, kerosene, and
electricity).
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What are modern bioenergy technologies, barriers to their
development and what programmes are needed?
Biomass conversion to usable fuels and the end use devices are to be
developed and marketed
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India has over two decades of experience of implementing
bioenergy programmes. The Ministry of Non-conventional
Energy Sources (MNES or MNRE), the prime mover of the
programmes in India, has now responded with a
comprehensive renewable energy policy to give a
further fillip to the evolving sector. The need for climate
change mitigation provides an opportunity for promoting
the renewable energy (RE) sector. This calls for an
assessment of the policy barriers to the spread of
bioenergy technologies (BETs) in India.
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• The experience shows that despite several financial
incentives and favourable policy measures, the rate of
spread of BETs is low because of the existence of
institutional, technical, market and credit barriers.
• These barriers are by and large known, but what still
remains to be understood is the type and size of barriers
from the stakeholders’ perspective, which varies for a
given technology and the stakeholder.
• Policy options suggested to overcome such barriers
include:
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Bioenergy technologies : Remove Barriers:
(1) rational energy pricing: Explain the withdrawal of subsidy to Oil &
Gas products from economic & environmental point of view.
(2) Incentives for bioenergy to promote private sector participation,
(3) institutions to empower and enable community participation,
(4) financial support for large-scale demonstration programmes and for
focused research and development on bioenergy technologies
(BETs) for cost reduction and efficiency improvement, and finally,
(5) favourable land tenurial arrangements to promote sustained
biomass supply.
The global mechanisms for addressing climate change such as the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) provide additional incentives to promote BETs.
•Offer opportunities to conserve biomass
through efficiency improvements, and for
conversion to electricity and liquid and
gaseous fuels.
• Bio-energy technologies based on
sustained biomass supply are carbon
neutral and lead to net CO2 emission
reduction if used to substitute fossil fuels.
Modern Bio Energy Technologies
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Bio Energy Technologies and their products
How can biomass supplement coal as a feedstock for power
plants?
For decentralised small / medium scale power plants
Biomass Power Programmes are available
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Biomass energy is not necessarily the ‘poor man’s
fuel’, its role is rapidly changing for a combination of
environmental, energy, climatic, social and
economic reasons. It is increasingly becoming the
fuel of the environmentally-conscious, rich society.
The use of biomass energy has many pros and
cons. One of the major barriers confronting
renewable energy is that the conventional fuels do
not take into account the external costs of energy,
such as environmental costs.
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It is important to create a new situation in which all
sources of energy are put on a more ‘equal footing’.
For biomass energy, which has little or no
environmental costs, the internalisation of the cost
of energy could be a major determinant for its large-
scale implementation. This, together with
agricultural productivity and technological advances,
could be a key determinant in ensuring greater
competitiveness with fossil fuels.
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The Biomass Power Programme of India has reached the take off
stage, after dedicated and sustained efforts over the last decade.
The total potential is about 19,500 MW, including 3,500 MW of
exportable surplus power from bagasse-based co-generation in
sugar mills, and 16,000 MW of grid quality power from other
biomass resources.
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The Program could CONSISTS OF the following Components:
· Interest Subsidy for Bagasse/Biomass Co-generation projects,
including IPP mode projects;
· Interest Subsidy for Biomass Power Projects, including captive power
projects;
· Grants to MW-scale projects with 100% producer gas engines, and
Advanced Biomass Gasification projects;
· Promotion of Industrial Co-generation projects in core industry sector
for surplus power generation;
· Promotional Incentives for awareness creation, training and
preparation of Detailed Project Reports; and
· Grants for Biomass Resource Assessment Studies.
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BIOMASS INTEGRATED GASIFIER /GAS TURBINE (BIG/ GT) TECHNOLOGY
• HIGH THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE EFFICIENCY GAS TURBINES TECHNOLOGY IS MADE
AVAILABLE NOW AT REASONABLE COSTS LOW UNIT CAPITAL COST AT MODEST SCALES
FEASIBLE IT IS EXPECTED THAT THIS TECHNOLOGY
WILL BE COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL IN THE NEXT TEN YEARS.
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Briquetting: Briquetting
improves the energy density of
loose biomass, which is either
charred and compacted or
directly compacted in the form
of briquettes.
Biomass briquettes made
through manual processes can
be used as cooking fuel in
homes. Briquettes produced
through mechanical processes
can be used in boilers and
furnaces.
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Fuel derived from compacting the biomass into
dense block is known as Briquette. It is cheaper
and requires no other raw material and produce
heat equivalent to other fuel. Now a days
biomass briquetting is used by the same
industries where the low-density biomass is
produced. Jute waste, groundnut shell, coffee
husk, coir pith and rice husk is used for
Briquetting.
What is Biomass Briquetting?
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biomass briquettes in Malawi.
• The briquette evaluation was made in terms of physical and chemical characteristics (like material content, size, weight, energy content), costs for the fuel and usability in household cooking stoves. The feasibility of the production method for each briquette type was also evaluated.
• The briquettes were compared with the characteristics of firewood and charcoal.
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Agro-residues and agro-industry residues-1
• Agricultural or agro-industrial biomass is
generally difficult to handle because of its
bulky and scattered nature, low thermal
efficiency and copious liberation of smoke
during burning. It will be useful to compress
them into manageable and compact pieces,
which have a high thermal value per unit
weight.
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Agro-residues and agro-industry residues-2
• Biomass residues and by products are
available in abundance at the agro processing
centres (rice husk, bagasse, molasses,
coconut shell, groundnut shell, maize cobs,
potato waste, coffee waste, whey), farms
(rice straw, cotton sticks, jute sticks).
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briquetting or pelleting
• The process is called
biomass briquetting or pelleting.
• Compressed biomass briquettes are usually cylindrical in shape with a diameter between 30 to 90 mm and length varying between 100 to 400mm.
• Briquetting consists of applying pressure to a mass of particles with or without a binder and converting it into compact aggregate. Ram type and screw type machinery are used for the manufacture of briquettes.
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Briquetting technology
• Ram type consists of a plunger or rod which forces the material received from a hopper into a die, which is not usually heated by external means.
• The screw type machine employs a screw auger which forces the material into a pipe heated by electricity.
• The choice of the type of machinery depends on many factors.
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Ram type [piston type] briquetting machine
• Ram type consists of a
plunger or rod which
forces the material
received from a hopper
into a die, which is not
usually heated by
external means.
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Ram type briquetting press
• Common in India, alternate to screw type.
• Material is compressed in horizontal press, made into a cylindrical continuous log; Cut to pellets later.
• Log diameter is 50 mm for a 500 kg per hour machine and 90 mm for a 1500 kg / hr machine
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Screw type briquetting machine
• The screw type machine
employs a screw auger
which forces the
material into a pipe
heated by electricity.
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Screw type briquetting Press
• The material is extruded under compression continuously in the form of a log, under screw.
• These logs are partially carbonized and free of volatile compounds.
• They can supplement charcoal / lignite as solid fuel for small scale uses.
• Wear of screw is a problem and designers of machine have solved this.
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PELLETISING
• Biomass material is compressed
through many holes by giving very high
pressure from rollers to the material.
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Preparing biomass for pellet making
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PELLETISING: High pressure, smaller size
• In pelletising, the biomass material
is compressed through many holes by giving very
high pressure from rollers to the material.
• The stick is continuous but the size of pellet is
smaller (6-25 mm in diameter) than briquettes.
• Pelletizing is more efficient and recognized as a
good method because of low investment.
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• Pelletizing, though introduced very recently, is
considered to be most wanted method due to its
high bulk density.
• Ring and Flat Die are two types found in this
category.
• The Ring die method is mostly used for making
animal feed, which has high bulk density.
• The flat die is used for low bulk density.
PELLETISING: Ring and Flat Die
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Liquid Fuels from Biomass
Ethanol & Biodiesel
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Liquid and gaseous transport fuels derived from a range of
biomass sources are technically feasible. They include
• methanol,
• ethanol,
• dimethyl esters,
• pyrolytic oil,
• Fischer- Tropsch gasoline and distillate and
• Biodiesel from (i) Jatropha , Pongamia pinnata, Salvadora
persica, Madhuca longifolia and
• ( ii) hydrocarbon from Euphorbia species.
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Sugar cane, like other plants, absorbs carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere during photosynthesis. Burning ethanol made from
sugar thus returns to the atmosphere what was recently there, rather
than adding carbon that was previously underground. Unfortunately,
turning sugar cane into ethanol uses more energy, and thus causes
more greenhouse-gas emission, than making petrol from crude oil.
Nevertheless, says Lew Fulton of the International Energy Agency, a
sister body of the OECD, studies suggest that Brazil's present
method of making ethanol fuel from sugar leads to net savings of
about 50% in greenhouse-gas emissions per kilometre travelled,
compared with running cars on petrol.
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Name a recently published Reference book and point out the bioenergy related chapters in it.
See the next three slides
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Reference book Chapters 12 to15
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The Energy and Resources Institute
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The promotion of energy using biomass available
in form of natural waste such as agricultural
residue, sugarcane bagasse, banana stems,
organic effluents, cattle dung, night soil, fuelwood
and twigs holds considerable promise. A National
Programme on Biomass Power/Cogeneration was
launched to optimise the use of a variety of
forestry-based and agro-based residues for power
generation by the adoption of state-of-the-art
conversion technologies.
Reference book from T. E. R. I.
Chapters 12 to15
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SOME MORE BOOKS ON BIOENERGY
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