SCIENTIF IC THINKING

Scientific Method Review

1) Problem Statement(Question)2) Hypothesis(Possible Answer to Question)3) Experiment (Testing possible Answer)4) Analysis(Comparing effects of the

Experimental Group and to that of the Control Group)

5) Conclusion (State if Hypothesis was proven to be right or wrong)

Parts of ever Experiment

Variables – factors that can change in an experiment.

Independent Variable(Cause) – factor that is purposely changed by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable(Effect) – factor that results from the change made by the independent variable.

Control Group – used as a standard to compare to experiment group; independent variable is not changed in control group.

Experiment Group – includes factor that is changed (independent variable).

Scientific Method Review

Through the use of The Scientific Method two things can be formed after Peer Review:

A) Scientific Theory – a possible explanation that is supported by scientific findings.

B) Scientific Law – a rule that describes a pattern in nature.

Peer Review- scientist check each others work by replicating their experiment to validate the other scientist claims.

Note: In scientific data tables/graphs the independent variable(IV) is always written on the x-axis. The dependent variable is written on the y-axis. DRY MIX – dependent responding y-axis, Manipulated independent x-axis

Scientific Graphs/Tables

EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia

Kingdoms

DOMAIN BACTERIA

DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA

This chart is called a cladogram. Cladogram show the evolutionary relationships among group of organisms.

Scientific Graphs/Tables

• PH SCALE (POWER OF HYDROGEN)

Incr

easi

ng

ly B

asi

cIn

creasi

ng

ly A

cid

ic

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Sea water

Soap

Human blood

Milk

Normalrainfall

Acid rain

Tomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

Types of Graphs

Bar Graphs Line Graphs Stem and Leaf Plots

Circle Graph Histograms(Only used to find frequency)

Types of Graphs

Box and Whisker Plots Scatter Plots

Cummulative Frequency (ogive) graphs.

Sample Question

Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.

Describe how Lisa would perform this experiment. Identify the control group, and the independent and dependent variables in your description.

Answer to Sample Question

A) Possible Experiment : Lisa can test how long the volunteer hair grows in week 1. Then she can use the commercial hair product to see how long the volunteer hair grows in week 2.

B)Independent Variable will be the commercial hair product.

C)Dependent Variable will be the length the hair grows(Speed of hair growth).

D) Control will be the normal hair growth without product.

Baseline Sample Questions

Dan built a model water dripper continuously watering a plant that grows best when its soil is kept damp. He designed his model to improve on existing watering methods that required the plant be watered by hand every 12 hours. Watering by hand left the soil dry at times and soaking wet at other times. In a controlled experiment to test the effectiveness of the water dripper compared to watering by hand, which would be the best procedure for caring for plants in the control group?

A. not watering them at all B. watering them by hand every 12 hours C. watering them every 12 hours but with decreasing amounts of

water D. watering them every time their soil appears dry without relying

in time

Water

Water is the universal solvent because its ability to dissolve compounds and other polar molecules.

Water has unique properties such: 1)Polar – Negatively charged oxygen and positively charge hydrogen’s.

2)High Specific Heat- water molecule can hold a lot of heat before its temperature changes(Moderates Temp).

3)Cohesion- waters ability to bond to itself. 4)Adhesion- waters ability to bond with other molecules.Note: Water has a strong bond with other molecules then

with itself(Ex. water in a glass beaker forming a dip at the center). Water has a strong bond with the glass molecule then will itself.

Water molecules dissolving Sodium Chloride

Water polarity attracts itself to other molecules. For example:

Water is the universal solvent(dissolves solutes).

High Heat Capacity of Water

Positive hydrogen atom is attracted to negative oxygen atom and water molecules stick together. They make intermolecular dipole-dipole bonds and these bonds are very strong. Because the molecules are being held tightly in place by these bonds, the H2O molecules don't move much when heated. It takes more and more heat to move the molecules, causing water to have a high specific heat capacity.

Baseline Sample Questions

The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that flows along Florida’s east coast. It has an important moderating effects on the climates of northern latitudes, particularly in Greenland, Canada, and Europe. What property of water makes the climates of these areas milder than they would otherwise be?

A. melting point B. high specific heat capacity C. polarity and electronegativity D. expansion of crystal structure as water freezes

The 4 Macromolecules

Organic Compound found in all living things.Macromolecule Function1)Carbohydrate provide energy

for cell activities2)Lipids Store energy in the form

of fats, waxes and oils. Makes up the cell

membrane.3)Protein many functions4)Nucleic Acid stores genetic info

Brief Overview of 4 Macromolecules

Carbohydrates- Function: provide energy and store energy; structure and support Monomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharides Polymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)

Proteins Functions: transport, mechanical, signaling, defense, movement, identification, (a lot) Monomer: Amino acids Polymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)

Nucleic Acids Function: stores genetic info for organisms; what proteins to make Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Lipids, fats, oils and steroids Function: stores extra energy; insulation; waterproofing; cell membrane; Monomer: NONE Polymer: NONE

Carbohydrates-(Polymer)

Example of a Carbohydrate is starch. Starches are made up of links of connected glucose(monomers).

Glucose

Starch

Lipids

Lipids include waxes, fats and oils.

Amino Acid(Monomer)

Amino Acids link up together to form polymers called proteins. Proteins have a 3-D shape.

Reaction pathwaywith enzyme

Example of a protein are enzymes. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Independent variable (Y-axis)is the enzymes presence lowing the

activation energy. Dependent Variable(X-axis) the time it takes for the reaction to happen.

Amino group Carboxyl group

General structure Alanine Serine

Aminoacids

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme

Activation energywithout enzyme

Activationenergywith enzyme

Reaction pathwaywith enzyme

Baseline Sample Questions

Which type of biological macromolecule determines traits plant will inherit from its parent plants?A. lipids

B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. carbohydrates

A student writes a research paper on the function of lipids in the human body. Which of the following would be appropriate title for the report?

A. Energy Storage and Cell Membranes: An Extraordinary Molecule

B. Strong Muscles and Bones: How the Body Builds Them C. Energy for Activities Right Now D. Genetics and You