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World HistoryTrinity Christian SchoolMrs. Stephanie HollandChapter 7:Civilizations of India & Africa

7.1: India

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IndiaPopulation 1.12 billionCapital: New DelhiLargest city: MumbaiMajor Cities:Bangalore Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai

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IndiaPopulation: 1 billion (1/4 of everyone on planet)Only a quarter of them have access to clean water Half are illiterate

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Early Civilizations1st civilizations began in river valleys:INDUS RIVER Archaeological Evidence:Mohenjo DaroHarappa

Carefully planned citiesWide, straight streetsBrick housesDrainage systems

Traded with Egypt & MesopotamiaIndus civilization ended suddenly: Aryan migrationExcerpt, p. 148

The Harappan Civilization3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

Well, Mohenjo-Daro

A Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro

Granery, Mohenjo-Daro

pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

A Horned-God Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

A Male Head, Mohenjo-Daro

Dravidian

A Priest-King, Mohenjo-Daro

Public Well, Harappa

Unicorn Seal, Harappa

Bull Figurine, Harappa

Burial Pottery, Harappa

Male Skeleton, Harappa

Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa

Harappan Writing

Undecipherable to date.

Early CivilizationAryans1500 BC: Migrate into Central AsiaFair-skinnedRelated to tribes invading Near East, Greece & Rome? HerdsmenLanguage: Sanskrit

Vedas: (Vedic Age 1500 BC 500 BC)Oral traditionReligious beliefs & early traditions* Basis of Indian culture

Aryan Migration

pastoral depended on their cattle. warriors horse-drawn chariots.

Sanskrit writing

The Vedas

1200 BCE-600 BCE. written in SANSKRIT. Hindu core of beliefs: hymns and poems. religious prayers. magical spells. lists of the gods and goddesses.Rig Veda oldest work.

Key Features of Indian SocietyJoint (extended) FamilyVIPParents, children, grandchildren, blood relatives of common ancestorOldest male = authority figureSons remained in household of father/grandfatherFamily concerns before individual concernsArranged marriagesResponsibilities for each member

Village LifeSmall, rural villagesIndependent & self-governingGoverned by: Headman / Village Council8/10 Indians today live in small villages!

Key Features of Indian SocietyCaste SystemRigid social class system governed by strict rulesDetermines: location of home, profession, clothing, partners, meals, friends,Determined at birthCan rise within, but NOT OUT OF your caste2,000-3,000 caste & subcaste groups; 4 broad class groups1.) Brahmans (priests2.) rulers & warriors3.) merchants & traders4.) servants & slaves5.) Outcastes Untouchables (avoided by other castes)

Varna (Social Hierarchy)

ShudrasVaishyasKshatriyas Pariahs [Harijan] UntouchablesBrahmins

The Vedic AgeThe foundations for Hinduism were established!

Religion & the Indian Way of Life:HinduismIngrained by history, social structure, arts, customsPreserved traditional elements of IndiaUnifies diverse interests of societyNO formal statement of doctrine = ability to absorb concepts of various peopleLiteratureVedasUpanishads: philosophical essays elaborating on teaching of the VedasAcknowledgement of all deities as manifestations of the eternal, unchanging BrahmanBrahman: Not personal being but the World SoulUltimate goal of man: reunite with World Soul along Wheel of Life through reincarnation & escape of physical worldDeeds in present life determine status in the nextBad now = roach later!

Religion & the Indian Way of Life:BuddhismFounder: Siddhartha Bautama The Enlightened One (Buddha)Age 29: Concerned over misery, poverty & death in worldLeaves life, wife, child & princely statusLive 6 years as hermit528: Enlightenment: 4 Noble Truths1.) Suffering is part of all existence2.) Suffering has a cause: Selfish desires (pleasure, power, possessions)3.) Suffering can be overcome by destroying selfish desires4.) If man follows the Eightfold Path he will destroy selfish desires and end suffering(correct beliefs, intentions, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, thoughts, and meditations)

Religion & the Indian Way of LifeBuddhismStresses Works & Moral Behavior [to end suffering]Not the aid of deities or a high caste

Goal: Nirvana (state of absolute peace & happiness; freedom from cravings)

Belief that all will eventually achieve eternal peaceTHE BIBLE SAYS: All people reach [I John 5:11-12]A.) eternal union with God through JesusB.) eternal separation from God

Lack of Political Unity:Mauryan EmpireIndia: patchwork of small rival kingdoms & successive waves of invaders

Mauryan Empire:326: Alexander the Great enters India (army refuses to cont.)Meets & influences Chandragupta Maurya towards conquestChandragupta Maurya conquers disorganized kindoms & unifies 1st strong Indian empire. C. Mauryas grandson Asoka rises to power Extends Indian empires borders to include all but S. tip of IndiaRenounces WarConverts to BuddhismBuilds 1000s of stupas (Buddhist shrines)Inscribes Buddhist teachings throughout empireSend Buddhist missionaries abroad (= Buddhism takes hold in SE Asia)Buddhism does not gain wide support in India (threat to Hindu priests power)

Asoka Buddhist ProselytismBuddhist stupas during the Mauryan period were simple mounds without decorations. Butkara stupa, 3rd century BCE.Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka (260218 BCE).

Lack of Political Unity:Gupta Empire2nd-3rd Centuries AD: (232 BC: Asoka dies)CON: Invasions & Competing KingdomsPRO: trade with Rome & China

4th Century AD: Gupta Empire: golden era of prosperity & achievementIndia reunited by a strong govtTrade flourishedMaterially prosperousCulture spreads to SE Asia

Lack of Political Unity:Gupta EmpireGupta CultureSpreads throughout SE AsiaUniversities attract international studentsTextilesIronworkIndian art, architecture, literature & scienceLiterature: Poet Kalidasa the Indian ShakespeareInfluences the brothers Grimm & Rudyard KiplingMath, Science & MedicineArabic numeralsNegative numbersThe decimalThe zeroScienceIndian theories of gravityKnowledge that the earth was round & rotated on an axisMedicineFree hospitalsSurgical procedures performed

Post-Guptan India: 6th Century: Gupta Empire collapses under White HunsPolitical disorderSmall warring kingdomsForeign invaders (absorbed by Hindus)N. India falls under Muslim control1206: Muslim warriors est. kingdom near Delhi

MuslimsHindusReligiousMonotheistic

Way of Life: Equality of men before godPolytheistic

Caste system

7.1 TimelineBUDDHISM528?BCReligion founded by Siddhartha Guatama (approximate year)MOHENJO-DARO & HARAPPA2300BCEarliest civilization (two cities) on Indus River (year)ALEX. THE GREAT (GREEK)326 BC 3. Threatened India with his armies (year)

7.2: China

7.1 Timeline Section 24. The most honored teacher in Chinese history (year of birth)CONFUCIOUS551 BC 5. Dynasty establishing the Pax Sinica (year established)HAN DYNASTYBC 6. Earliest known Chinese dynasty (year established) SHANG DYNASTY1500 BC 7. Dynasty known for the consolidation of existing structures into the Great Wall (year established)CHIN DYNASTY221 BC 8. Dynasty in which Chinese culture flourished (year established) SUNG DYNASTY 960 BC9. Dynasty in which Li Po, Chinese poet, lived (year dynasty established)TANG DYNASTY 618 AD10. Legendary founder of Taoism (year of birth)LAO-TZU604 BC

The LandMiddle Kingdom Believed to be the center of the earthToday:1/5 worlds populationSame size as U.S. geographicallyOne of worlds oldest civilizationsYellow River (Huang He) & Yangtze Valley CivilizationIsolatedPacific Ocean, Himalayas, Gobi DesertFree from outside influence = maintenance of stable culture47

Societal Features: Family TiesStrong Family TiesLarge FamiliesParents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces, cousins, in-lawsKnowledge of 100s years of genealogyResponsibility: Bring honor to thy family!Ancestor worshipHousehold altarsPurpose: receive blessings & guidance

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Societal Features: Language & LearningSpoken LanguageTonal Quality: different tones (pitch) convey different meaningsMakes communication difficult b/w regionsCommon Written Language65,000 charactersMost literate Chinese know about 4,000Many Chinese have been illiterateScholars WorldMasters of written language hold distinctionScholars hold promotions in societyEducation began early & was rigorousGoal: Career in govt serviceDetermined by scholarship (Civil Service Exams)49

Chinese Thought & LifeConfucianismTaoismKung Fu-Tzu (Confucious)Raised in povertyPeriod of social/political unrestTeacher

Man can solve societal problems and be happy through proper conduct.

Societal peace maintained through proper balance in 5 Basic Relationships:Father & SonElder & Younger BrothersHusband & WifeFriend & Friend Ruler & Subjects

What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.

Problem: Neglect of the relationship between man & GodLao-tzu (604-531BC)

Tao (the way) was pervading force in natureAchieve peace by living in harmony with natureDo not seek power, wealth or learningBe simple & inactive

There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, yet for attacking things that are hard and strong there is nothing that surpasses it.

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51ConfucianismTaoismPhilosophy of Chinese educational, social & political system

Active lifestyle Man has many social obligations

Goal: improved government, laws & educationBasis of mystical, magical & superstitious elements

Passive lifestyle Man should be free from busyness of responsibility

Goal: Minimal external authority & minimal societal involvement

Dynastic Cycle52

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Map of the Silk Road (OrexCA.com)

Ruins of the Han Dynasty (Bear)

Woven Silk Textile (drs2biz)

Terra Cotta Armyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsUE-ZtcUFg

Chinese ContributionsSilkPorcelainBlock PrintingMoveable TypePaperInkGunpowderFireworksMagnetic Compass59

7.3: Japan

Japan100 mi. off coast of AsiaIsland nation4 main islands, 100s of lesser islandsAbout the size of CaliforniaMost land mountainous20% land suitable for farmingMore geographically remote than China

Early HistoryLittle known of early historyMyths & legends not historical recordsCreation Myth

Ancient Japan: warring clansClan: group of families descended from a common ancestor; basic unit of social, religious & political organization

Early History5th Century AD: Yamato ClanJimmu Tennu Heavenly PrinceDirect descendant of Sun Goddess = divineJapan has 1 imperial family

Shintoism the way of the godsSupports belief in divine emperorDieties attributed to anything awe-inspringStressed supremacy of sun goddess & divine emperorReligion of feeling, love of homeland, loyalty to clan & reverence for emperorBecomes the National Religion

Influence of China5th 8th Centuries: Chinese cultural invasion7th Century: Prince ShotokuBuddhism firmly est. national religiontemples, hospitals & schools constructedChinese culture studiedChinese Writing, literature, Religion, weight system, measurements, medical practices, calendar, furniture styles, dress, roads & bridges

Taika Reform Great Change: Semi-independent govt -> central govt Civil Service ExamsGovt posts by abilityCapitol: Kyoto

Fujiwara Clan gains powerFujiwara daughters + imperial sons = male children Ruling emperor forced to abdicate so Fujiwara elders could rule as regentsWealthy & extravagance = corruption & bankruptcy = disorder

Rise of the SamuraiProvincial governors begin to rely on military clans for protection12th century: Yorimoto (Minamoto Clan) becomes supreme military leaderTitled Shogun Great General Creation of military state ruled by warriors (1162-1868)Warrior class becomes ruling classSamurai (bushi): Japanese warriorMastered: horsemanship, fencing, archery, jujitsuStudied: history, literature & art of writingBushido: The way of the warrior code governing Samurai conduct; demanded loyalty, honor, duty, justice, courage, sincerity, & politeness

INDIACHINAJAPANHistoryIndus River ValleyMohenjo-Daro-HarappaAryan InvasionYellow River Valley Yangtze River ValleyRemote IslandsCreation Myth-Yamato Clan-Jimmu TennoSociety & CultureSanskritVedas/UpanishadsJoint FamiliesCaste SystemVillage LifeFamily Ties-Ancestor WorshipLanguage-Spoken-Written-Scholars Society-Chinese Cultural Invasion-Prince Shotoku-Taika Reform - - - (effects govt)

GovtMauryan Empire-Alex. The Great-C. GuptaGupta EmpireDynasties-Shang-Chou-Chiin-Han-Tang-SungImperial Family-Fujiwara (Regents)-Samurai

ReligionHinduism-Brahman-Wheel of Life-World SoulBuddhismTaoismConfucianismShintoism

7.4: Comparison of the Asian Cultures

TraditionalismChangeless LandsDeep rooted beliefs and customsLittle changeTraditional ValuesIndia: Hinduism & caste system China: Extended familyJapan: Shintoism & mythologyDependence on history to determine what was goodColossians 2:8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.

Stifling of Individuality GroupsIndia: caste systemChina: familyJapan: clanGroup holds the primary place (not individuals)Responsible for welfare of members (all members accountable to group) Lack of personal initiativeProblems with Groups:But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. For every man shall bear his own burden. Galatians 6:2, 4-5So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God. Romans 14:12

False ReligionHinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, ShintoismOldest cultures (&most deceived by Satan)

7.5: The Mongol Empire

The Mongolian Empire, at its height, was much larger than the Roman Empire.

MongolsUnited the people of central AsiaMongols began north of ChinaNomadic peopleRaised sheep, goats and horsesNo government, but several tribes with a chief.1162-Temugin was bornSucceeded his father as chief at the age of 13!Gradually united all Mongol tribes under his authority and established an empire.

Genghis Khan1206 Mongols gave him the title Genghis KhanHe was Lord of all people dwelling in felt tentsGenghis Khan means Universal RulerBelieved it was his divine commission to conquer the world1227 he died before he could see China under his rule

Reasons for success:Organization and mobilityConquered through fearThey often massacred an entire population of a city to teach future conquests not to resist.Expert horsemenThe horse was a Mongols pride possessionThe Great Khan was Genghis son and successor.

Yuan DynastyGrandson of Genghis Kublai KhanCompleted the conquest of ChinaMoved capital to Cambaluc (modern Bejing)Built highwaysInvited missionaries, scholars, artists, and engineers and employed many as government officials.Example Marco Polo.Kublais death meant the end to the empire. It was still large, but not unified.

Ming DynastyRestored Chinese rule.Drove the Mongols back into MongoliaRe-established old Chinese ways

As a result of Mongol rule, the Chinese cut themselves off from the outside world.

Batu KhanAlso a grandson of GenghisLed Mongols into RussiaCalled Tartars by EuropeansAlso called the Golden Horde horde means camp. The sun shone off the felt tents and appeared to glisten as if golden.Ruled in Russia for 250 years.Moscow became important because of its location and its willingness to cooperate with the Horde.

Golden Horde.Recognized the prince in Moscow as the Grand Prince of RussianGrowth of the Russian church in Moscow due to the movement of head of the Orthodox church from Kiev to Moscow.By 14th century, princes began to openly challenge Mongol overlords.Ivan III, Grand Prince from 1462 to 1505, refused to pay tribute and by 1480 had pushed the Mongols out.

TamerlaneTamerlane was a cruel conqueror. Timur the LameClaims to be a descendant of GenghisBegan a new wave of Mongol invasions in Muslim lands and into India His sweep into southern Russia assisted the Russians in overthrowing the HordeDied in 1405 plotting to re-enter China.

Mughal - Mongol Empire in IndiaBabur descendant of Genghis and TamerlaneBabur means The TigerBecame leader of Turkish Mongols in what is today AfghanistanEstablished law and orderGreatest Mughal leader was Akbar 0 Baburs grandsonWon support of Hindu people thru religious tolerance.

7.6: Africa

AfricaFour times the size of the continental US.Covers 1/5 of the earths landsurface

Sub Saharan AfricaSouth of the Sahara DesertTwo primary kingdomsKushAksum

Kingdom of Kush

KushOverthrew Egyptian ruleTirhakah of Ethiopia2 Kings 19:9

Fell to Aksum around AD 330

Embraced ChristianityFrumentius helped leadthe Aksum people to GodThe claim to bedescendants of King Solomon and theQueen of Sheba

Muslim invasions cut off Aksum from almost all European contact. This civilization began modern Ethiopia.

Kanem-BornuCamel tradeBuilt a strong army800-1846Central Africa

Three early kingdoms in Western AfricaGhana 700-1200Mali 1200-1500Most famous ruler Mansa-MusaEncouraged trade and learningIslamic made pilgrimage to MeccaHis capital Timbuktu was important trade centerSonghai over threw Mali in 15th centuryOverthrown by Moroccans in 1591

All three were along the Niger RiverAll three built derived wealth from gold mines and caravan trade

Caravan trade included gold and salt

East African City-StatesEastern CoastTrade ports, each an independent stateOutlets for gold, iron, ivory and animal skinsTrade and climate made these ports wealthyCommon cultureMixture of Arab, Persian and AfricanLanguage SwahiliArchitecture Arabian

Forest KingdomsProvided goods for eastern city-statesFew written recordsMost important Benin (Western Africa)Fine statuesRelief sculptures

African CultureFamilyMost basic organizationPolygamyDivers and large family groupsClans/TribesReligionChristianityIslamMuslimTraditional primitive religionsEconomyFarming and herding

TradingLater, the slave trade took prominence