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G.S.CAPSULEFORSSCCGL2013‐14Exam

AncientIndia

Harappan Civilization was discovered in 1920‐1922when two of themost important siteswere excavated.These were Harappa on the banks of river Rawi inPunjabandMohenjodaroonthebanksoftheriverIndusinPakistan.

The “GreatGranary”measuring 169 feets × 35 feets isthemostremarkablestructurefoundinHarappa.

Mohenjodero is derived from a sindhi word whichmeans“moundof thedead”. ItwasexcavatedbyMr.R.D.Banerjeein1922intheLarkanadistrictofPakistan

Black‐banglesasthenameKalibangaindicatedwasfoundinKalibanga.

Lothalwasexcavatedin1957byMr.S.R.Rao.Itislocatedin Gujrat on the coastal flat of Gulf of Cambay. Anartificialbrickdockyardwasfoundherewhichsewedasthe main sea port for the people of Indus Valleycivilization.

AtBanwalilargequantityofbarley&mustardwasfound. Dholavira is the latest and one of the two largest

HarappansettlementinIndiatheotheroneinRakigarhiinHaryana.

The towns were based on ‘Grid pattern’ street & lonescutting across one another at right angles dividing thecityintonumberofrectangularblocks.

The city was divided into too parts, the “CITADEL” afortified areawhichhoused important civic& religiouspublicbuildingsincludinggranariesandresidences.

RigVeda is the oldest of all the Vedas, contains 1017Suktas; contains 11 Balakhilya which makes totalnumberofSuktas1028;italsocontains10“Mandals”.

The mandalas II to VI are discribed to Gritsamada,Viswamitra,Vamadeva,Arti,Bhardwaja&Vasistha.

TheMandalasI,VIII,IX&Xarelatestmandalas. SamVedaiscollectionofhymstakenfromRigVeda&set

totunesforthepurposeofsinging. YajurVedaiscollectionofritualsforperformingdifferent

sacrifies.Itconsistsof40chapters&recitedbyapriestknown as Adhavaru. It is divided in two parts KrishnaYajurveda&SuklaYajurveda.

TheAltharvaVedaiscollectionofmagic,spell&charms,itcontainsmanypopularsupertitionsandalsocontainsnonAryanelements.

During the sixth century BC Indian history saw the

establishment of first territorial kingdom and secondphaseofurbanizationanddevelopmentinIndia.Duringthe period 16 major mahajanpadas emerged. Some ofthemaregivenbelow:

Mahajanapada CapitalMallas – Kushinagar,PawaMagadha – Rajgir,laterPatliputraAnga – ChampaVajji – VaishaliKashi – VaranasiKoshala – ShravastiVasta – KaushambiAvanti – Ujjain


Shurasena – MathuraMatsya – ViratnagarGandhara – TaxilaChedi – Suktimati

Bimbisara founded theMagadhaEmpirewhobelongs toHaryanka Dynasty. Bimbisara was married to chellana,princessofthelichchavifamilyofVaishaliBimbisaraalsomarried Khema of the royal house ofMadra in Punjab.BimbisaradefeatedBrohamadattaofAngaandannexedthekingdom.

Both Buddhist and Jains claim that Ajatshatru wasfolloweroftheirreligicn.AccordingtotheMahavamsaheconstructed several chaityas and viharas. He wasinstrumental in convening the first Buddhist council atRajgriha.

Mahapadma Nanda was the powerful ruler of Nandadynasty who uprooted the Kshatriya dynasties in theNorth India.During this period onlyAlexander invadedIndia.

Jainism

According to jains tradition there were twenty fourTirthankaras(prophetsorgurur)or fordmakersacrossthestreamofexistence.ThefirstwasRishabhanathandthelast(twentyfourth)wasMahaviraVarhamana

Mahavira’s original namewasVardhamana, hewasbornat Kundagrama in a suburb of Vaisali. Kunda grama ispresently known as Basukunda and is situated inMuzzaffarpurdistrict(Bihar).

Mahavira was married to Yashoda and had a daughter(Priyadarsa) whose husband, Jamali, became the firstdiscipleofMahavira.

Mahavira is alsoknownasArhantandKina (conqueror).Nirgantha (free of fetters). His fellowers were namedJain.

MahaviraattainedKaivalya(death)in468BCEattheageof 72 at Pava near Rajegriha. The place is said to bePavapuri (Bihar). Sudharman became the head of theJainSanghaafterhim.MainTenetsofJainismAspreachedbyMahavira:

ThePrincipleofJainism,aspreachedbymahavira,canbesummedupasfollows:

Mahavira refected the authority of the Vedas and theVedicrituals.

MahaviradidnotbelieveintheexistenceofGod. Headvocatedanaustereandsimplelifewiththeultimate

aimtoattainKaivalya(NirvanaorMoksha). Mahavira believed in Karma and the trans migration of

soul(atma). According to Jainism theworld consits of two elements:

Jiva(consciousbeing)andatma(theunconscious).

Jira acts, feels and wills. It suffers and dies. Atma isexternalandisbornandreborn.Mahavirabelievedthatthesoulisimmortal.

Man undergoes through successive births depending onhisKarma, in thepresentorpreviousbirthsonaccountofkarmasgoodorbad, thesoulcreates itsownpresentorfuture.

TheultimateaimofJivashouldbetogetridofthecycleofbirthandrebirthandattainnirvana.

The only way to nirvana his through the three Jevels(Triratna)‐Right faith, Right knowledge and Rightconduct.

ThethreemainjewelsofJainismwereRightfaith(Samyakdarshana),knowledge(Jana)andconduct(charitra).

Jains lay great emphasis on equality. Mahavira acceptedthe caste system yet he said thatmanmay be good orbad according to his karma and not on account of hisbirth.Fivevows/mainteachingsprescribedbyMahavirs:a)Ahimsa (non‐violence) violence should not be causedbywords,thoughtsandactions.b)Satya‐oneshouldspeakthetruthandonlythetruth.c)Asateya(Non‐stealing)stealinginanyformisbad.d)Aparigraha (Non‐Possession)Wealth and property inanyformshouldnotbeaccumulatedande)Brahmacharya (Chartity) all kinds of passions,emotionsanddesiresmustbeputundercontrol.

First Jain Council was held in Patliputra under theleadership of Sthulabahu in the beginning of the thirdcenturyBC.

SecondcouncilwasheldatValabhiinthe512BC.GautamBuddhaandBuddhism

Gautama or Siddhartha was born at Lumbinivan in 563BC. on the Vaisakha Purnima day in the royal grove atLumbini,nearKapilavastu.

TheRummindeiPillarinscriptionofAshokamarkssiteofBuddha’sbirth.

HemarriedYasodhara.HehadsonnamedRahulTeachingsofBuddha/MainDoctrinesofBuddhism

He declared that everything was transitory orimpermanent.

His teachingsarebasedon the fournoble truths that theworldisfullofsorrow(dukkha);thattherearecauseofsorrow (dukkha‐Samudava); that this sorrow can bestopped (dukkha‐niradha); and the path leading to thecessation of sorrow (dukkha‐nirodha magamini‐pratiped).

The way to nirvana (emancipates), in Buddhism, or thepath that leads tocessationof suffering,higherwisdomandpeaceofmind,isknownasthenobleeightfeedpath.Buddhacoulditthemiddlepath(Majjhimamargga)asitavoided both the extremes of gross luxury and grimausterity.TheEightfoldpathsare:


1)Right understanding, free from superstition anddelusion2)Right Thoughts, high and worthy of the intelligentearnestman3)Rightspeech,kind,open,truthful4)Rightaction,peaceful,honest,pure5)Right livelihood, bringing hurt or danger to no livingthing6)Righteffort,inself‐trainingandinselfcontrol7)RightMindfulness,theactive,watchfulmind8)Rightconcentration,earnestthoughtonthedeep

IMPORTANTPOINTS

1. HarappanCivilizationdiscoveredin‐19212. ThelocalnameofMohanjodarois‐MoundoftheDead3. TheIndusValleyCivilizationdiscoveredbyDRSahni4. Patnjaliisknownforthecompilationof‐YogaSutra5. “SatyamevaJayate”hasbeenadoptedfromwhichbook?

–MundakaUparishad6. WhichVedacontainsanaccountonmagicalcharmsand

spells?‐Atharavaveda7. ThecityofPataliputrafoundbyUdayin8. Buddhabelongedto–Sakyaclan9. “BuddhaCharita”wrotebyAsvaghosha10. ThelastMauryanemperorwasBrihadratha11. SakaerastartedbyKanishka(AD78)12. TheFirstkingissuedgoldcoinsinIndiabyIndo‐Greeks13. ThesubjectmatterofAjantapaintingpertainsto‐

Buddhism14. FirstmajorinscriptioninclassicalSanskritisthatof‐

Rudradaman15. WhichGuptaKingwasknownastheNapoleanofIndia?–

SamudraguptaMedievalIndia

1. TheKhajurahotemplesbuiltby‐Chandela2. ThefourmathasinthefourcornersofIndiaby

Shankaracharya3. TheSomnathtempledestroyedbyMahmudGhaznavi,

wasdedicatedto–LordSiva4. IbnBatutatravelercomefrom‐Morocco5. WhichSultanfoundedatownwherenowstandsAgra?‐

Sikandar6. Theauthorof“Ain‐i‐Akbari”wasAbulFazal7. IbadatkhanaatFatehpurSikriwasbuiltbyAkbar8. TheSuntempleofKonarkwasbuildbyNarasimhadeva

(GangDynasty)9. IbnBatutaastheChiefQaziofDelhiwasappointedby

Mohammad–bin‐Tughlaq10. Diwan–I–MustaKharajiwasestablishedbyAlauddin

Khaliji

ModernIndiaTheIndianNationalCongress(i)Formedin1885byA.O.Hume,anEnglishmanandaretiredcivilservant.(ii)FirstsessioninBombayunderW.C.Banerjeein1885(72delegatesattendedit).(iii)Inthefirsttwodecades(18851905),quitemoderateinitsapproachandconfidedinBritishjusticeandgenerosity.(Iv)ButtherepressivemeasuresoftheBritishgaverisetoextremistswithinCongresslikeBipinChandraPal,BalGangadharTilakandLalaLajpatRai(Lal,Bal,Pal).

PartitionofBengal

(i)ByLordCurzononOct16,1905,througharoyalProclamation,reducingtheoldprovinceofBengalinsizebycreatingEastBengalandAssamoutofrestofBengal.(ii)TheobjectivewastosetupacommunalgulfbetweenHindusandMuslims.(iii)Amightyupsurgesweptthecountryagainstthepartition.NationalmovementfoundrealexpressioninthemovementagainstthepartitionofBengalin1905.SwadeshiMovement(1905)(i)Lal,Bal,Pal,andAurobindoGhoshplayedtheimportantrole.(ii)INCtooktheSwadeshicallfirstattheBanarasSession,1905presidedoverbyG.K.Gokhale.(iii)Bonfiresofforeigngoodswereconductedatvariousplaces.FormationofMuslimLeague(1906)(i)Setupin1906undertheleadershipofAgaKhan,NawabSalimullahofDhakaandNawabMohsin‐ul‐Mulk.(ii)Itwasaloyalist,communalandconservativepoliticalorganizationwhichsupportedthepartitionofBengal,opposedtheSwadeshimovement,demandedspecialsafeguardstoitscommunityandaseparateelectorateforMuslims.DemandforSwaraj(i)InDec1906atCalcutta,theINCunderDadabhaiNaorojiadopted‘Swaraj’(Self‐govt)asthegoalofIndianpeople.SuratSessionofIndianNationalCongress(1907):(ii)TheINCsplitintotwogroupsTheextremistsandThemoderates,attheSuratsessionin1907.ExtremistswereledbyBal,Pal,LalwhilethemoderatesbyG.K.Gokhale.


IndianCouncilsActorMintoMorleyReforms(1909)(i)Besidesotherconstitutionalmeasures,itenvisagedaseparateelectorateforMuslims.(ii)AimedatdividingthenationalistranksandatrallyingtheModeratesandtheMuslimstotheGovernment'sside.GhadarParty(1913)(i)FormedbyLalaHardayal,TaraknathDasandSohanSinghBhakna.(ii)HQwasatSanFrancisco.HomeRuleMovement(1916)(i)StartedbyB.G.Tilak(April,1916)atPoonaandAnnieBesantandS.SubramaniaIyeratAdyar,nearMadras(Sept,1916).(ii)Objective:SelfgovernmentforIndiaintheBritishEmpire.(iii)TilaklinkedupthequestionofSwarajwiththedemandfortheformationofLinguisticStatesandeducationinvernacularlanguage.Hegavetheslogan:SwarajismybirthrightandIwillhaveit.LucknowPact(1916)(i)HappenedfollowingawarbetweenBritainandTurkeyleadingtoanti‐BritishfeelingsamongMuslims.(ii)BothINCandMuslimLeagueconcludedthis(Congressacceptedtheseparateelectoratesandbothjointlydemandedforarepresentativegovernmentanddominionstatusforthecountry).AugustDeclaration(1917)(i)AftertheLucknowPact,aBritishpolicywasannouncedwhichaimedatincreasingassociationofIndiansineverybranchoftheadministrationforprogressiverealizationofresponsiblegovernmentinIndiaasanintegralpartoftheBritishempire.ThiscametobecalledtheAugustDeclaration.RowlattAct(March18,1919)(i)Thisgaveunbridledpowerstothegovt.Toarrestandimprisonsuspectswithouttrialfortwoyearsmaximum.ThislawenabledtheGovernmenttosuspendtherightofHabeasCorpus,whichhadbeenthefoundationofcivillibertiesinBritain.(ii)Causedawaveofangerinallsections.Itwasthefirstcountry‐wideagitationbyGandhijiandmarkedthefoundationoftheNonCooperationMovement.JallianwalaBaghMassacre(April13,1919)(i)PeoplewereagitatedoverthearrestofDr.KitchluandDr.SatyapalonApril10,1919.(ii)GeneralO'DyerfiresatpeoplewhoassembledintheJallianwalaBagh,Amritsar.(iii)Asaresulthundredsofmen,womenandchildrenwerekilledandthousandsinjured.

(iv)RabindranathTagorereturnedhisKnighthoodinprotest.SirShankaranNairresignedfromViceroy'sExecutiveCouncilafterthis.HunterCommissionwasappointedtoenquireintoit.(v)OnMarch13,1940,SardarUdhamSinghkilledO'DyerwhenthelaterwasaddressingameetinginCaxtonHall,London.KhilafatMovement(1920)(i)MuslimswereagitatedbythetreatmentdonewithTurkeybytheBritishinthetreatythatfollowedtheFirstWorldWar.(ii)Twobrothers,Mohd.AliandShaukatAlistartedthismovement.Non‐cooperationMovement(1920)(i)Itwasthefirstmass‐basedpoliticalmovementunderGandhiji.(ii)CongresspassedtheresolutioninitsCalcuttasessioninSept1920.ChauriChauraIncident(1922)(i)AmobofpeopleatChauriChaura(nearGorakhpur)clashedwithpoliceandburnt22policemenonFebruary5,1922.(ii)ThiscompelledGandhijitowithdrawtheNonCooperationmovementonFeb.12,1922.SimonCommission(1927)(i)ConstitutedunderJohnSimon,toreviewthepoliticalsituationinIndiaandtointroducefurtherreformsandextensionofparliamentarydemocracy.Indianleadersopposedthecommission,astherewerenoIndiansinit.(ii)TheGovernmentusedbrutalrepressionandpoliceattackstobreakthepopularopposition.AtLahore,LalaLajpatRaiwasseverelybeateninalathi‐charge.HesuccumbedtohisinjuriesonOct.30,1928.LahoreSession(1929)(i)OnDec.19,1929underthePresidentshipofJ.L.Nehru,theINC,atitsLahoreSession,declaredPoornaSwaraj(Completeindependence)asitsultimategoal.(ii)OnDec.31,1929,thenewlyadoptedtri‐colourflagwasunfurledandan.26,1930wasfixedastheFirstIndependenceDay,wastobecelebratedeveryyear.RevolutionaryActivities(i)ThefirstpoliticalmurderofaEuropeanwascommittedin1897atPoonabytheChapekarbrothers,DamodarandBalkishan.TheirtargetwasMr.Rand,PresidentofthePlagueCommission,butLt.Ayerstwasaccidentallyshot.(ii)In1907,MadamBhikaijiCama,aParsirevolutionaryunfurledtheflagofIndiaatStuttgartCongress(ofSecondinternational).(iii)In1908,KhudiramBoseandPrafullachakithrewabombonthecarriageofkingford,theunpopularjudgeofMuzaffapur.Khudiram,KanhaiyalalDuttandSatyendranathBosewerehanged(AlipurCase).(iv)In1909,MLDhingrashotdeadCol.WilliamCurzonWhyllie,thepoliticaladvisorofIndiaOfficeinLondon.


(v)In1912,RasbihariBoseandSachindraNathSanyalthrewabombandLordHardingeatDelhi(DelhiConspiracyCase).(vi)InOct,1924,ameetingofrevolutionariesfromallpartsofIndiawascalledatKanpur.TheysetupHindustanSocialistRepublicAssociation/Army(HSRA).(vii)TheycarriedoutadacoityontheKakoriboundtrainontheSaharanpur‐LucknowrailwaylineonAug.9,1925.

(viii)BhagatSingh,withhiscolleagues,shotdeadSaunders(Asst.S.P.OfLahore,whoorderedlathichargeonLalaLajpatRai)onDec.17,1928.ThenBhagatSinghandBatukeshwarDuttthrewabombintheCentralAssemblyonApr8,1929.Thus,he,RajguruandSukhdevwerehangedonMarch.23,1931atLahoreJall(LahoreConspiracyCase)andtheirbodiescrematedatHussainiwalanearFerozepur.In1931,ChandrashekharAzadshothimselfatAlfredParkinAllahabad.

DandiMarch(1930)(i)AlsocalledtheSaltSatyagraha.(ii)Alongwith78followers,GandhijistartedhismarchfromSabarmatiAshramonMarch12,1930forthesmallvillageDandhitobreakthesaltlaw.(iii)HereachedtheseashoreonApr.6,1930.(iv)HepickedahandfulofsaltandinauguratedtheCivilDisobedienceMovement.

FirstRoundTableconference(1930)(i)ItwasthefirstconferencearrangedbetweentheBritishandIndiansasequals.ItwasheldonNov.12,1930inLondontodiscussSimoncommission.(ii)BoycottedbyINC,MuslimLeague,HinduMahasabha,Liberalsandsomeotherswerethere.GandhiIrwinPact(1931)(i)ModerateStatesman,Sapru,JaikarandSrinivasShastriinitiatedeffortstobreaktheicebetweenGandhijiandthegovernment.(ii)Thetwo(governmentrepresentedbyIrwinandINCbyGandhiji)signedapactonMarch5,1931.(iii)InthistheINCcalledoffthecivildisobediencemovementandagreedtojointhesecondroundtableconference.(iv)Thegovernmentonitspartreleasedthepoliticalprisonersandconcededtherighttomakesaltforconsumptionforvillagesalongthecoast.SecondRoundTableConference(1931)(i)GandhijirepresentedtheINCandwenttoLondontomeetBritishP.M.RamsayMacdonald.(ii)However,thesessionwassoondeadlockedontheminoritiesissueandthistimeseparateelectorateswasdemandednotonlybyMuslimsbutalsobyDepressedClasses,IndianChristiansandAngloIndians.TheCommunalAward(Aug16,1932)(i)AnnouncedbyRamsayMcDonald.ItshoweddivideandrulepolicyoftheBritish.(ii)EnvisagedrepresentationofMuslims,Sikhs,IndianChristians,AngloIndians,womenandevenBackwardclasses.(iii)Gandhiji,whowasinYeravadajailatthattime,startedafastuntodeathagainstit.PoonaPact(September25,1932)(i)AftertheannouncementofcommunalawardandsubsequentfastofGandhiji,massmeetingtookplacealmosteverywhere.(ii)PoliticalleaderslikeMadanMohanMalviya,B.R.AmbedkarandM.C.Rajahbecameactive.(iii)EventuallyPoonapactwasreachedandGandhijibrokehisfactonthesixthday(Sept25,1932).(iv)Inthis,theideaofseparateelectorateforthedepressedclasseswasabandoned,butseatsreservedtothemintheprovinciallegislaturewereincreased.ThirdRoundTableConference(1932)(i)Provedfruitlessasmostofthenationalleaderswereinprison.ThediscussionsledtothepassingoftheGovernmentofIndiaAct,1935.DemandForPakistan(i)In1930,IqbalsuggestedthattheFrontierProvince,Baluchistan,SindhandKashmirbemadetheMuslimStatewithinthefederation.(ii)ChaudharyRehmatAligavethetermPakistanin1923.(iii)Mohd.AliJinnahofBombaygaveitpracticality.(iv)MuslimLeaguefirstpassedtheproposalofseparatePakistaninitsLahoresessionin1940.


TheCrippsMission–1942:•InDec.1941,JapanenteredtheWorldWar–IIandadvancedtowardsIndianborders.ByMarch7,1942,RangoonfellandJapanoccupiedtheentireSEAsia.•TheBritishgovt.withaviewtogettingco‐operationfromIndianssentSirStaffordCripps,leaderoftheHouseofCommonstosettletermswiththeIndianleaders.•Heofferedadraftwhichproposeddominionstatustobegrantedafterthewar.•RejectedbytheCongressasitdidn’twanttorelyuponfuturepromises.•Gandhijitermeditasapostdatedchequeinacrashingbank.TheRevoltof1942&TheQuitIndiaMovement:•CalledtheVardhaProposalandLeaderlessRevolt.•TheresolutionwaspassedonAug.8,1942,atBombay.Gandhijigavetheslogan‘DoorDie’.•OnAug9,theCongresswasbannedanditsimportantleaderswerearrested.•Thearrestsprovokedindignationamongthemassesand,therebeingnoprogramofaction,themovementbecamespontaneousandviolent.Violencespreadthroughoutthecountry.•Themovementwashowevercrushed.TheIndianNationalArmy:FoundedbyRasbehariBosewithCaptainMohanSingh.•S.C.BosesecretlyescapedfromIndiainJain1941,andreachedBerlin.InJuly1943,hejoinedtheINAatSingapore.There,RasbehariBosehandedovertheleadershiptohim.•TwoINAheadquarterswereRangoonandSingapore(formedinSingapore).•INAhadthreefightingbrigadesnamedafterGandhiji,AzadandNehru.RaniJhansiBrigadewasanexclusivewomenforce.TheCabinetMissionPlan(1946):•Thestruggleforfreedomenteredadecisivephaseintheyear1945‐46.ThenewLabourPartyPM.LordAttlee,madeadeclarationonMarch15,1946,thatBritishCabinetMission(comprisingofLordPethickLawrenceasChairman,SirStaffordCrippsandA.V.Alexander)willvisitIndia.•ThemissionheldtalkswiththeINCandMLtobringaboutacceptanceoftheirproposals.•OnMay16,1946,themissionputtowardsitsproposals.ItrejectedthedemandforseparatePakistanandinsteadafederalunionconsistingofBritishIndiaandthePrincelyStateswassuggested.•BothCongressandMuslimsLeagueacceptedit.FormationofInterimGovernment(Sept2,1946):•BasedonCabinetMissionPlan,aninterimgovernmentconsistingofCongressnomineeswasformedonSept.2,1946.J.L.NehruwasitsVice‐PresidentandtheGovernor‐GeneralremainedasitsPresident.Jinnah’sDirectActionResolution(Aug16,1946):•JinnahwasalarmedattheresultsoftheelectionsbecausetheMuslimLeaguewasindangerofbeingtotallyeclipsedintheconstituentassembly.•Therefore,MuslimLeaguewithdrewitsacceptanceoftheCabinetMissionPlanonJuly29,1946.•Itpasseda‘Directaction’resolution,whichcondemned

boththeBritishGovernmentandtheCongress(Aug16,1946).Itresultedinheavycommunalriots.•JinnahcelebratedPakistanDayonMar27,1947.

FormationofConstituentAssembly(Dec9,1946):•TheConstituentassemblymetonDec9,1946andDr.RajendraPrasadwaselectedasitspresident.

MountbattenPlan(June3,1947):•OnJune3,1947,LordMountbattenputforwardhisplanwhichoutlinedthestepsforthesolutionofIndia’spoliticalproblem.TheoutlinesofthePlanwere:•IndiatobedividedintoIndiaandPakistan.•BengalandPunjabwillbepartitionedandareferenduminNEFPandSylhetdistrictofAssamwouldbeheld.•TherewouldbeaseparateconstitutionalassemblyforPakistantoframeitsconstitution.•ThePrincelystateswouldenjoythelibertytojoineitherIndiaorPakistanorevenremainindependent.•Aug.15,1947wasthedatefixedforhandingoverpowertoIndiaandPakistan.•TheBritishgovt.passedtheIndianIndependenceActof1947inJuly1947,whichcontainedthemajorprovisionsputforwardbytheMountbattenplan.PartitionandIndependence(Aug1947):•AllpoliticalpartiesacceptedtheMountbattenplan.•Atthetimeofindependence,therewere562smallandbigPrincelyStatesinIndia.•SardarVallabhBhaiPatel,thefirsthomeminister,usedironhandinthisregard.ByAugust15,1947,alltheStates,withafewexceptionslikeKashmir,HyderabadandJunagarhhadsignedtheInstrumentofAccession.GoawaswiththePortugueseandPondicherrywiththeFrench.IMPORTANTQUESTIONS

1. WhowastheGovernor–GeneralofBengal?–WarrenHastings

2. ThetrademonopolyofEastIndiacompanywasendedbywhichact?‐CharterActof1833

3. “Adigranth”or“GuruGranthSaheb”wascompiledbyGuruArjunDev

4. “SatyarthPrakesh”waswrittenbySwamiDayanandSaraswati

5. Thetheoryofeconomicdraininhisbook“PovertyandUnBritishRuleinIndiawasgivenby‐DadaBhaiNaoroji

6. “IndiawasofIndependence1857”iswrittenby–BegumHazarat


7. ThefirstIndiantobecomememberoftheBritishParliament–DadabhaiNaoroji

8. ThelastBritishViceroyofIndia–LordMountabatten9. Whorepresented1andthe2ndRoundTable

conference?‐MKGhandi

10. ForWhichmovementdidGandhijigivetheslogan,“Do

OrDie”?‐OuitIndiaMovement

11. WhichCommitteewasappointedbytheBritishGovernmenttoinvestigateinJallianwalaBaghmassacre?–HunterCommission

12. WhowasknownastheFrontierGandhi?–KhanAbdulGaffar

13. Whowascalledthe“IronManofIndia”?–SardarBallabhbhaiPatel

14. TheleaderofBardoliSatyagrah(1928)was–SardarBallabhbhaiPatel

15. Theauthorof“NeelDarpan”was–DinbandhuMitra

HistoryCulture:‐ClassicalDancesofIndia:1. BharatNatyam–TamilNadu;2. Bihu–Assam3. Bhangra–Punjab;4. Chhau–Bihar,Orissa,W.BengalandJharkhand;5. Garhwali–Uttaranchal;6. Garba–Gujarat;7. Hattari–Karnataka;8. Kathak–NorthIndia;9. Kathakali–Kerala;10. Kutchipudi–AndhraPradesh;

11. Khantumm–Mizoram;12. Karma–MadhyaPradesh;13. Laho–Meghalaya;14. Mohiniattam–Kerala;15. Mando–Goa;16. Manipuri–Manipur;17. Nati–HimachalPradesh;18. Nat‐Natin–Bihar;19. Odissi–Orissa;20. Rauf–Jammu&Kashmir;

GEOGRAPHY

IMPORTANTPOINTS1. Thefirstpersontousethewordgeographywas–

Erastosthenes(276–194BC)2. TheFirstpresentedtheIndiaontheworldmap–

Tolmie3. 10latitudegivetheseperatioof–111kms4. 10Longitudeisequalto–4”(minutes)5. TheClosestcapitaltotropiccancer–Ranchi6. 3capitalsareabovetoTropicofCancer–Jaipur,

Aizwol,Agarthala7. Theatmospherelayerwhichreflectsradio–wavesis

knownas‐Lonosphere8. WhichStateisknownasthenameofBlackWater?‐

AndamanandNicobar9. WhichlatitudedividesIndiaintotwoparts?–23½010. Thelargestdeltaintheworldis–ThedeltaofGanga11. ThetypeofclimateinIndiais–Monsoon12. MostoftheironinIndiaisfoundin–DharwarRocks13. Ozonelayerisfoundin–Stratosphere14. “Ringoffire”refersto–Circum–PacificSeismicbelt15. Willy–Willyisthetropicalcycloneoccurringin–Coast

ofNorth–westAustralia

16. Onwhichriver,theBagliharHydro‐powrprojectislocated?–Chenab

17. ThetermRugurrefersto–BlackcottonSoil18. Whichtwopeninsularriversflowthroughtroughs?–

NarmadandTapi19. HowmuchareadoesIndiacoverofthetotal

geographicalareaoftheworld?–2.42%20. ThelengthoftheIndiancoastlineis7516.6km

SomeImportantBoundaryLines

DurandLine

BetweenPakistanandAfghanistan

Hinderbergline

BetweenGermanyandPoland

49thParallel

BetweenUSAandCanada

MacMohanLine

BetweenIndiaandTibet/China

MaginotLine

BetweenFranceandGermany

38thParallel

BetweenNorthandSouthKorea

OderNeisseLine

BetweenGermanyandPoland

RadcliffeLine

BetweenIndiaandPakistan


17thParallel

BetweenIndaandPakistan(asclaimedbyPakistan)

ImportantNationalParkinIndia

1. KazirangaNationalPark‐Golaghat/Nagaon(Assam)2. ManasTigerSanctuary–Barpeta(Assam)3. KeoladeoNationalPark‐Bharatpur(Rajasthan)4. SundarbansTigerSanctuary‐24Paraganas(West

Bengal)

5. BandhavgarhNationalPark‐Shahdol(MadhyaPradesh)

6. KanhaNationalPark‐Mandla(MadhyaPradesh)7. DudwaNationalPark‐LakhimpurKheri(Uttar

Pradesh)8. ChandraprabhaSanctuary‐Varanasi(UttarPradesh)9. CorbettNationalPark‐Nainital(Uttarakhand)10. RajajiNationalPark‐Dehradun,(Uttarakhand)11. DachigamNationalPark‐Srinagar(Jammu&

Kashmir)12. RanthamboreTigerSanctuary‐SawaiMadhopur

(Rajasthan)13. GhatprabhaBirdSanctuary‐Belgaum(Karnataka)14. BandipurNationalPark–Mysore(Karnataka)15. GirNationalPark‐Junagarh(Gujarat)16. NalSarovarBirdSanctuary‐Ahmedabad(Gujarat)17. HazaribaghNationalPark‐Hazaribagh(Jharkhand)18. NelapattuBirdSanctuary‐Nellore(AndhraPradesh)19. MudumalaiSanctuary‐Nilgiris(Tamilnadu)20. PeriyarSanctuary‐Idduki(Kerala)21. SimlipalTigerSanctuary‐Mayurbhanj(Odisha)22. GahirmathaTurtleSanctuary‐Kendrapara(Odisha)23. VikramshilaGangeticDolphinSanctuary‐Bhagalpur

(Bihar)24. SilentValleyNationalPark‐Palakkad,(Kerala)25. RaniJhansiMarineNationalPark‐Andaman&Nicobar

Island26. CampbellNationalPark‐Andaman&NicobarIslands27. GalatheaNationalPark‐Andaman&NicobarIsland28. MahatmaGandhiMarineNationalPark‐Andaman&

NicobarLargestProducersofcropsinIndia

1. ThelargestproducerofwheatinIndia‐UttarPradesh2. ThelargestproducerofsugarcaneinIndia‐Uttar

Pradesh3. ThelargestproducerofgroundnutinIndia‐Gujarat4. ThelargestproducerofteainIndia‐Assam5. ThelargestproducerofcoffeeinIndia‐Karnataka6. ThelargestproducerofjuteinIndia‐WestBengal

7. ThelargestproduceroftobaccoinIndia‐AndhraPradesh

8. ThelargestproducerofbananasinIndia‐Tamilnadu9. ThelargestproducerofonioninIndia‐Maharashtra10. ThelargestproducerofblackpepperinIndia‐Kerala

INDIANPOLITYIMPORTANTPOINTS


1. TheConstitutionofIndiawasadoptedon–26thNovember1949

2. TheConstituentAssemblyofIndiastartedfunctioningfrom:‐9thDecember,1946

3. TheConstituentAssemblytooktimetoframetheConstitutionofIndia–2years11months18days

4. Theconceptofwrittenconstitution,firstbornwas–USA5. TheconstitutionofIndiais–Partlyrigid,partly

flexible

6. Theword“Secularism”wasinsertedinthePreambleoftheIndianConstitutionby–42ndAmendment

7. ThePreambletotheconstitutiondeclaresIndiaas–AsovereignSocialistSecularDemocraticRepublic

8. Theitem“Education”belongstothe–ConcurrentList9. Howmanylanguageshaverecongnisedbythe

Constitution?–2210. ThenumberofUnionTerritoriesinIndiais–711. PartoftheIndianConstitutiondealswith“Fundamental

Rights‐PartIII12. ConstitutionalAmendmentdeletedtheRighttoProperty

fromthelistofFundamentalRights–44thAmendment13. ArticlesofIndianConstitutionguaranteesfreedomto

press–Article1914. InyearFundamentalDutiesofcitizenswereintroduced

by42ndAmendment–197615. RashtrapatiBhawanwasdesignedby‐EdwinLutyens16. APresidentialOrdinancecanremaininforce–Forsix

months17. InArticleoftheConstitutionofIndiacanbethe

PresidentofIndiabeimpeached–Article6118. InIndia,thePresidentiselectedby–Single

TransferableVote19. ThefirstwomantobecomethePrimeMinisterofa

country–SirimavoBhandharnaike20. TheFatherofIndianeconomicreform‐Manmohan

SinghRevolutionsTheserevolutionsaimattheincreasedproductionintherespectivesector.Whatarethey?REVOLUTIONS RELATEDPinkRevolution Onion,PrawnsYellowRevolution Oilseeds,(mustard,

Sunfloweretc.)BrownRevolution LeatherSilverRevolution Egg(Poultry)GoldenRevolution Honey,Apiculture,

HorticultureBlackRevolution PetroleumRedRevolution Tomato,MeatRoundRevolution PotatoGreyRevolution Fertilizer

BasicScience1. Pyrometerisusedformeasuringhighertemperature.2. Whenicemeltsinaglassofwater,thelevelofwaterin

glassremainsthesame.3. Ifashipentersintoseafromthelakethelevelofthe

shiprises.4. S.Iunitofheatisjoule,inC.G.Ssystemitiscalorie.5. Hope’sexperimentprovesthedensityofwateris

maximumat4degreeCelsius.6. TheS.IunitoftemperatureisKelvin.7. Thermostatusedtomaintainaconstanttemperature.8. Absolutezero:‐273degreeCelsius.9. Absolutezero:‐460degreeFahrenheit10. At‐40degree,theFahrenheitandCentigradescalesare

equal.

Vitamin‐ChemicalName‐Deficiencydisease1. A‐Retinol‐Nightblindness2. B1‐Thiamine‐Beri‐Beri3. B2‐Riboflavin‐Cheilosis4. B5‐Niacin‐Pellagra5. B6‐Pyridoxine‐Convulsionsinchild6. B12‐Cynacobalamin‐Perniciousanemia7. C‐AscorbicAcid‐Scurvy8. D‐Calciferol‐Rickets9. E‐Tocopherol‐Sterility10. K‐Phylloquinone‐Hemophilia

SpecialGK‐HumanBody1. WhoinventedElectroCardioGram(ECG)?‐Wilhelm

Eithovan2. WhatisthepHvalueofblood?‐7.43. Whatpresentinbloodhelpsinthetransportationof

oxygen?‐Hemoglobin4. Whatcarrieshormonestodifferentpartsofbody?‐

blood

5. Whichdiseaseisalsoknownas'ChristmasDisease'?‐Hemophilia

6. Whichbloodgroupisknownas'UniversalDonor'?‐Ogroup

7. Whichbloodgroupis'Universalrecipient'?‐ABgroup


8. Whichistheonlyveininthehumanbodythatcarriespureblood?‐Pulmonaryvein

9. Whichisthelargestglandofhumanbody?–Liver10. Whatistheaverageperiodofhumanpregnancy?‐36‐

38weeks

MISSLANEOUSGENERALKNOWLEDGE

1. ‘Eutrophication’isassociatedwith‐NitratesandPhosphates

2. ‘Dryice’isthecondenseformof ‐carbondioxide

3. Areductionreactioninvolves ‐additionofnitrogen

4. Anantiknockforpetrolis

Leadtetraethyl5. Thesystemsofgovernmentisbi‐centralismanessential

featureis‐ Federalsystem6. Monopolistresortstopricediscriminationdependingupon

the‐Elasticityofdemand7. Economicplanningisanessentialfeatureof

‐Socialisteconomy8. TheCentralDrugReasearchInstituteofIndiaislocatedat

‐Lucknow9. Thecerealswasamongthefirsttobeusedbyman

‐Wheat10. Ifaresistivewireiselongated,itsresistance

‐increases11. Thesweettasteoffruitsisdueto

‐Fructose12. Thethree–tierPanchayatRajsysteminIndiawas

proposedbythe –BalwantRaiMehtaCommittee

13. UndertheArticleoftheConstitutionisthePresident’sRuleintroducedinaStateduetothefailureoftheconstitutionalmachinery ‐Article356

14. BrownRevolutionis ‐GrowthoffoodprocessionandsoftdrinksindustriesinIndia

15. GoldenRevolutionrefersto‐ ‐Horticulture

16. Rustingofironrequires– ‐oxygenandwater

17. The‘Break–Even’pointis–‐Totalrevenueequalstotalcost

18. ThemethodofImpeachmentofthePresidentofIndiaisadoptedfrom ‐U.S.A

19. Generally,thesoilofthenorthernplansofIndiahasbeenformedby ‐Aggradation

20. HiuenTsangvisitedIndiaduringthereignof‐Harshavardhana

21. ThecommunalelectoratewasintroducedforthefirsttimeinIndiain ‐190922. Seabreezeisformedduring–Daytime23. Ageostationarysatelliterevolvesroundtheearthfrom

‐WesttoEast24. Cementisformedbystronglyheatingamixtureof

‐Limestoneandclay25. Glassisa ‐Supercooledliquid26. Lambert’slawisrelatedto

‐Illumination27. TheDraftingoftheConstitutionwascompletedon–

‐26thJanuary,195028. ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtretireattheageof:

‐65years29. Thecallof“BacktotheVedaswasgivenby:

‐SwamiDayanandSaraswati30. Reddatabookgivesinformationaboutspeciesare:

‐Endangered31. ThetimeperiodofapendulumwhentakentotheMoon

would: ‐Increase32. Whitelungdiseaseisprevalentamongtheworkersof:

‐Pesticideindustry33. Anartificialecosystemisrepresentedby–

‐Aquarium34. Theoptimumdissolvedoxygenlevel(inmg/litre)required

forsurvivalofaquaticorganismsis:‐4–635. TheSystemofDyarchywasintroducedinIndiain

‐191936. ThemineralsisfoundinMonazitesandis‐Thorium37. Whichplantiscalled‘HerbalIndianDoctor?

‐Amla38. ThepHofHumanbloodis–

7.439. Opticalfibresarebasedonthephenomenonof‐

TotalInternalReflection40. Mirage’isanexampleof


‐Refractionandtotalinternalreflectionoflight

41. Theelementwhichisusedforvulcanizingrubber‐Sulphur

42. FortheelectionofPresidentofIndia,acitizenshouldhavecompletedtheageof

‐35years43. AmemberofParliamentwilllosehismembershipof

ParliamentifheiscontinuouslyabsentfromSessionsfor‐60days

44. WhichwasdescribedbyDr.B.R.Ambedkarasthe‘HeartandSoul’oftheConstitution?

‐RighttoConstitutionalRemedies

45. Anindividual’sactualstandardoflivingcanbeassessedby‐DisposablePersonalIncome

46. Fa–hienvisitedIndiaduringthereignof‐ChandraguptaII47. Theland–lockedseais–AralSea48. Hydrogenbombisbasedontheprincipleof–

‐Uncontrolledfusionreaction49. Tropospheristhehottestpartoftheatmospherebecause–

‐ItisheatedbytheEarth’ssurface50. TheoutermostlayeroftheSuniscalled‐Corona51. Thetissueinmanwherenocelldivisionoccursafterbirthis

‐Nerves52. Thewarm–bloodedanimalsare‐Whales53. Syrinxisthevoiceboxin‐Birds54. ThelargestecosystemoftheEarthis–Biome

55. Whichtypeofglassisusedformakingglassreinforced

plastic ‐Fibreglass56. Whocoinedtheword‘Geography’?

‐Eratosthenese

57. The“ecologicalhotspotofIndia”is–WesternGhats58. Theterm“MicroEconomics”and“MacroEconomics”were

coinedby‐ J.M.Keynes59. Tetraethylelead(TEL)is–Anantioxidant60. APresidentialOrdinancecanremaininforce–

‐Forsixmonths

Spiritual

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