MINERALRole and Function

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Minerals are important and essential to life.Minerals are inorganic chemical

compounds.The body only needs minerals in small

amounts; however, it needs them on a regular basis.

Mineral are stored in the body

MINERAL

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MINERAL

A. Dietary Essentials1. Macrominerals

- Requirements as % of diet2. Micro or trace minerals

- Requirements as ppm, mg/kgB. Toxic Elements

Many of these are also dietary essentials

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Mineral elements required Macro – 7Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K)

Micro – 9 (trace elements)Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Iodine (I), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Fluorine (F)

MINERAL

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Toxic minerals

Cu, NaCl, Se, F, Cadmium, Pb, Hg

Penjelasan lanjut:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/toxic-minerals-to-avoid-in-food-and-environment.htmlhttp://listverse.com/2013/03/07/10-most-deadly-rocks-and-minerals/

MINERAL

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MINERAL

· Excessive Calcium Loss of Magnesium & Zinc· Excessive Sodium & Potassium Deficiency of Calcium & Magnesium· Excessive Calcium & Magnesium Deficiency of Sodium & Potassium· Excessive Sodium Loss of Potassium· Excessive Potassium Loss of Sodium· Excessive Copper Loss of Zinc· Excessive Zinc Loss of Copper & Iron· Excessive Phosphorus Loss of Calcium

Examples of minerals out of balanceSource: Natures Prescription Milk by Gloria Gilbere

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FUNCTIONS OF MINERAL IN FOOD

•Pigment component and formation•Myoglobin component and formation

(Fe)•Enzyme component/activator•Protein component•Nucleic acid component

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Mineral as pigments builder

CHLOROPHYLL – effects of pH– pH 5: chlorophyll has its normal vegetable green

color – pH < 5: Mg+2 is lost and the color changes to the

characteristic pheophytin olive green color– pH >7: the methyl and phytyl esters are

removed, producing chlorophyllin which is a bright green color.

N

N

N

N

CH3

O

OO

O O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3CH3

H

H H

CH3

R

Mg+2

R = phytyl

N

N

N

N

CH3

O

O-

O

O O-

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3CH3

H

H HMg+2

Chlorophyll Pheophytin Chlorophyllin

N

N

N

N

CH3

O

OO

O O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3CH3

H

H H

CH3

R R = phytyl

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Mineral as protein and nucleic acid component

cystine

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GENERAL BODY FUNCTIONS OF MINERAL

BUILDING/FORMATION

•Minerals are essential for building bones, teeth and soft tissues (Ca, P, Mg, S, F)•Blood component and formation (Fe)

REGULATING•Maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance•Enzyme systems (component & activator) •Normal nerve and muscle function•Important for metabolic process

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The Structure of Myoglobin

Myoglobin (MW= 17,000) is the pigment in muscle tissue, whereas hemoglobin (MW= 68,000) is the heme pigment in blood

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Forms of Myoglobin in

Meat

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SODIUM

• Functions– Fluid balance– Nerve impulse transmission

• Excess Sodium• Severe Sodium restriction• Food sources; recommended intake

– Salt– Processed and convenience foods– Limit to 2,400 milligrams/day (DV)

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Hypertension: High blood pressure

• Increases risk for heart disease, stroke, kidney disease– Sodium

• Can increase blood pressure in some people– Other dietary factors

• Increase BP: chloride• Decrease BP: calcium, magnesium,

potassium

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Intake & Sources• NO DRI• Minimum requirements = 500 mg• Daily Value = 2400 mg• Table salt (Sodium Chloride)

– 1 tsp = 2300 mg sodium• Processed foods- those that are canned,

cured, pickled & boxed– 75% of dietary intake

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POTASSIUM• Functions of potassium

– Muscle contraction– Nerve impulse transmission– Fluid balance – May lower blood pressure– Protein synthesis– Fluid balance– Critical for maintaining heartbeat

• Dietary Recommendations– DV=3500 mg– NOT less than 2000 mg/day

• Food sources of potassium– Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables,

grains;

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K in blood: too high/too low

• Hypokalemia– Potassium depletion may be due to vomiting,

diarrhea, or diuretics– Symptoms include muscle weakness, loss of

appetite, confusion– Severe: disrupt heart rhythms--can be fatal

• Hyperkalemia– Due to malfunctioning kidneys or excess of IV K– Can slow or stop the heart

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What Processing Does to Sodium and Potassium Contents of Foods

Milk (whole)

Unprocessed

Peach pie

Processed

Canned,cream corn

Instantpudding

Oat cereal

Fresh peaches

Milks

Chipped beef

Vegetables

Fresh corn

Meats

Roast beef

Fruits

Rolled oats

Grains

SodiumPotassium

Key:

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CHLORIDE

• Functions of chloride– Fluid balance– Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)

• Dietary Recommendations– DV=3,400 mg

• Food sources of chloride– Table salt– chloride content = 1.5 x sodium content

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Chloride Deficiency

• Hypochloremia• Frequent vomiting

– bulimia nervosa• Metabolic alkalosis

– high blood pH– due to repeated vomiting, low consumption of

fluid and minerals, dehydration– cause abnormal heart rhythm, drop in blood flow

to brain, decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, abnormal metabolic activity

• Lost of appetite

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Toxicity Symptoms• Normally harmless• Disturbed acid-base balance

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CALCIUM• Functions

– Bone structure• osteoblasts and osteoclasts

– Blood clotting– Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

• Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels• Food sources

– Milk and dairy products– Green vegetables, tofu, fortified foods

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Nutritional Problems of Ca Deficiency Symptoms

• Stunted growth in children• Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

Toxicity Symptoms• Excess is usually excreted so toxicity is rare

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DRI & Sources

• DRI = 1000 mg – 1300 mg• Foods

– Milk/milk products– Dark green vegetables– Some fish & shellfish– Tofu & other legumes– Fortified foods (i.e.: juices)

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BIOAVAILABILITY• Absorption (binders)

– Phytic Acid (calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium)• Oatmeal & Whole grains

– Oxalic Acid (calcium & iron)• Beet greens, rhubarb & spinach)

– Fiber • Excretion

– Protein

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Phosphorous• 2nd most abundant mineral in the body (85%

combined with calcium)• Functions:

– Structure of bones & teeth– Necessary for growth (DNA)– Energy metabolism (ATP)

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NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

Deficiency symptoms• Muscle weakness• Bone pain

– Phosphorous deficiency is rare– Found widely in foods

Toxicity symptoms

• May cause calcium excretion and hinder absorption

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DRI & Sources• DRI = 700 mg• Foods

–Meat, poultry & fish–Dairy products–Processed foods–Soda

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Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms

• Deficiency symptoms:–Muscle cramps–Mental apathy–Loss of appetite

• Toxicity symptoms:–High blood pressure

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DASH = “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension”

• High intake of fruits and vegetables (8-10 sv/day)

• Low-fat daily products (2-3 sv/day)• Low-fat, low-saturated fat, low-

cholesterol• Sodium less than 2400 mg/day

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Sulfur• Functions:

–Present in all proteins (structure)–Part of biotin & thiamin–Part of insulin

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Similarities of M to Vitamins

• Do not contribute energy (calories) to the diet

• Have diverse functions within the body• Work with enzymes to facilitate chemical

reactions• Required in the diet in very small amounts

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Differences from Vitamins

• Whereas vitamins are organic compounds, minerals are inorganic compounds

• Unlike vitamins, some minerals contribute to the building of body structures

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IRON• essential nutrient• mostly found in

– hemoglobin • carrier of oxygen

– myoglobin • protein in muscles, making oxygen available

• iron balance is critical• deficiency

– fatigue and anemia–

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IRON

• red meats, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes are good sources

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Key:

Fruits

Milk and milk products

Legumes, nuts, seeds

Meats

Best sources per kcalorie

Breads and cereals

Vegetables

IRONMeats (red), legumes (brown),and some vegetables (green)make the greatest contributionsof iron to the diet.

RDA forwomen

51+

RDA forwomen19–50

RDAfor

men

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ZINC

• cofactor for many enzymes affecting growth and digestion

• deficiency– growth retardation– sexual immaturity– impaired immune response

• protein containing foods are a good source of zinc

WDR-2011Zinc in Selected Foods

Label

Key:

Fruits

Milk and milk products

Legumes, nuts, seeds

Meats

Best sources per kcalorie

Breads and cereals

Vegetables

ZINCMeat, fish, and poultry (red) areconcentrated sources of zinc.Milk (white) and legumes(brown) contain some zinc.

RDAfor

women

RDAfor

men

Micrograms RAEFood Serving size (kcalories)

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IODINE• converted to iodide in GI tract• essential component of thyroid hormone

– regulates temperature, reproduction, growth, cell production

• deficiency– goiter: enlarged thyroid gland– cretinism

• during pregnancy• irreversible mental and physical retardation

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IODINE

• world’s ocean and iodized salt are best sources

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Selenium

• essential antioxidant nutrient• deficiency associated with heart disease• seafood, meats, whole grains, vegetables

– dependent on soil content• toxicity

– loss and brittleness of hair and nails

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Copper

• important player in several enzyme reactions• deficiency is rare• food sources are legumes, whole grains, nuts,

shellfish, seeds

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Manganese

• cofactor for many enzymes that metabolize carbs, lipids and amino acids

• deficiency is rare• too much can affect the nervous system• found in nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies

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Fluoride• presence makes

– bones stronger– teeth more resistant to

tooth decay• fluoridated water is

best source– most bottled water is

lacking• too much can damage

teeth

Key:< 49%

50% – 74%> 75%

U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water through Public Water

Systems