1. Faculty of Applied Chemistry 6.2.1. Cc ha cht nguy hi cho sc
khe. 6.2.2. K thut an ton khi lm vic vi ha cht nguy him trong CNHH.
6.2.3. K thut an ton khi bo qun v vn chuyn ha cht. 6.2.4. Nhng bin
php ngn nga v hn ch c hi trong CNHH. Vn dng cc thao tc an ton trong
s dng ha cht. Nhm 3 3/19/2015 2 2. 6.2.1 CC HO CHT NGUY HI CHO SC
KHO 3. I. Cc cht gy chy n II. Cc cht kh v hi c III. Cc cht c c tnh
cao IV. Cc cht phn ng vi nc, dung mi hu c gy chy n V. Cc cht nguy
him khi tip xc vi da VI. Cc dung mi hu c ng lu VII. Cc ha cht c mi
kh chu VIII.Cc loi bi c IX. Cc loi hi c kim loi v hi ha cht. X. Cc
ng hp th ca cht c vo c th 4. I. Cc cht gy chy n Cc cht d chy dng rn
Cht d chy nh lu hunh, photpho, cc loi si, bt cht do... Cc mui kali
(hoc natri) clorat, kali (hoc natri) nitrat Cc cht d chy dng rn 5.
II. Cc cht kh v hi c Cc cht kh, bi, khi v hi ca cc cht lng gy nh
hng n c th con ngi bng hai cch: - Chng lm gim nng oxi cn thit cho s
h hp, ngn cn s cung cp oxi cho c th. - Bn thn chng l cc cht c, gy
hi trc tip cho cc c quan trong c th dn n t vong. 6. 1. Cc hi, kh gy
ngt Ngoi kh xi, tt c cc kh khc u khng duy tr s sng v c kh nng gy
ngt Hm lng xi xung di 15% dn n gy ngt - Kh nit - Kh cacbonic II. Cc
cht kh v hi c 7. 2. Cc loi hi, kh c tnh khch thch v n mn - Clo
(Cl2) - Hirclorua (HCl) - Amoniac (NH3) - Hirflorrua (HF) -
Fomaldehyd (HCHO) - Cc nit oxit (NOX) - Photgen (COCl2) - Anhydrit
sunfur (SO2) II. Cc cht kh v hi c o Kch thch mnh v hu hoi nim mc mt
V mng nhy ca cc c quan h hp 8. Cc cht d gy chy n Cc cht d chy dng
lng Cc cht d chy dng lng Cc dung mi thuc dy hidrocacbon Cc loi
alcol Cc loi ete, xeton Cc cht d chy dng kh Cc kh thuc dy
hidrocacbon dng kh 9. Cht Nng nguy him cht ngi thi gian tip xc 5-10
pht) Nng c (thi gian tip xc 0,5-1 gi) Nng c th chu c (thi gian tip
xc 0,5-1 gi) TCCP hin hnh v CL khng kh khu vc SX (505 BHYT/Q TC.1)
ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 Clo (Cl2) Hir xyanua (HCN)
Khi ca hp cht nit (NOx) Hir sunfua (H2S) Photphin (PH3) Cacbon
disunfua (CS2) Anhydrit sunfur (SO2) Hir clorua (HCl) Amoniac (NH3)
Cacbon monoxit (CO) Benzen (C6H6) Clorofom (CHCl3) Du ha Cacbon
ixit (CO2) Axetylen (C2H2) Etylen (C2H4) trong mi trng xi) 500 200
500 800 1000 2000 3000 3000 5000 5000 20000 25000 30000 90000
500000 950000 1500 240 950 1100 1400 6300 8000 4500 3500 5800 64000
122000 286000 164000 530000 1100000 50 100 100 400 400 1000 400
1000 2500 2000 7500 15000 20000 50000 250000 9250000 150 120 190
550 560 3150 1060 1500 1750 2300 24000 73000 190000 90000 256000
925000 5 50 50 200 100 500 100 100 250 1000 3000 5000 15000 30000
100000 500000 15 60 95 270 140 1500 260 150 170 1150 9600 24000
140000 54000 105000 570000 0,034 027 2,6 7,1 0,2 3,2 7,5 6,6 2,8
25,8 15,4 - 30-32 1000 - - 0,1 0,3 5,0 10 0,3 10 20 10 2 30 50 -
300 1830 - - - Nng v mc nguy him ca mt s hi. (TCCP: tiu chun cho
php) 10. Cht Phn triu theo th tch (ppm) Asin, photphin, c kh phng x
gii phng kh hydro v nhit , d gy chy n. Cc photphu kim loi kim ->
s kh c v t bc chy. Canxi Cacbua + nc -> c mi rt kh chu v d chy.
3. Cc Hydrua, photphua, cacbua kim loi 18. V. Cc cht nguy him khi
tip xc vi da Cc cht gy bng v n mn da Cc axt, Cc cht kim v baz gy
bng v n mn Cc cht n mn da khc c th gp trong sn xut: Cc phenol Cc
Clorua Cc photpho 19. 2. Cc cht hp th qua da gy mt m vim da, d ng
da, chm. Mt s cht hu c c kh nng xm nhp qua da., ha tan m di da gy
mt m,lm da kh nt n v d b nhim trng += Benzen, ete, ethanol,
methanol , V d 20. 3. Cc cht hp th qua da gy tn thng bn trong v bnh
ni khoa Mt s cht c th thm nhp vo mu ph v hng cu, gy cc chng nh tan
huyt, vng da, thiu oxi.mt s cht khc tc ng n xng ty, Vd: aniline,
dinitrobenzene 4. Cc cht hp th qua da gy tn thng bn trong v bnh ni
khoa Vd: benzidin 4,4 diaminodiphenyl gy bnh ung th bng quang 21.
VI. Cc dung mi hu c ng lu 1. Mt s loi hydrocacbon, alcol, ete -
Methanol - Ete - Xng (benzin) - Benzen (C6H6) 22. VI. Cc dung mi hu
c ng lu 2. Cc hdrocacbon halogen ha - Clorofom (triclometan) CHCl3
- Tetraclorocacbon (CCl4) Khi ng c cp th s c nguy c ngng th t ngt,
cc c quan h hp b kch thch v gan, thn b h hi. 23. VI. Cc dung mi hu
c ng lu 3. Cacbon disunfua (CS2) cht va d chy va c tc ng c mnh c kh
nng bc chy (- 300C) v c gii hn n di rt thp Tc ng: gy m v lm hai h
thn kinh, h hi th gic 24. VI. Cc dung mi hu c ng lu 4. Cc hp cht
hidrocacbon mch vng - Tetrahidrofuran [(CH2)4O] - Dioxan [(CH2)4O2]
- Xyclohexanon (C6H10O) 5. Cc hp cht ca benzen v ng ng cha nhm
nitro L nhng cht n cc mnh ng thi l cht c tc ng vo mu. 25. VI. Cc
dung mi hu c ng lu 6. Cc hp cht ca benzen v ng ng cha nhm amino
Anilin (C6H5NH2) Naphtylamin (C10H9N) - Benzidin (C12H12N2): gy ung
th bn quang. 26. VII. Cc ha cht c mi kh chu 1. Cc cht hu c - Cc cht
c gc thio. - Nhiu ankaloit. - Cc amin bc nht, 2, 3. - Cc axit hu c
c mch cacbon thp. - Phenylisoxyanua, axit hydrazoic, benzonyl
clorua, cc hp cht c asen, pyririn v alkyl photphin. 27. VII. Cc ha
cht c mi kh chu 2. Cc cht v c - Cc cht halogen nh clo, flo, brom -
Kh ozon, H2S, Cacbon disunfua, kh axetylen, anhidric sunfuro 28.
VIII. Cc loi bi c 1. Cc loi bi cha silic - Bi cha SiO2 - Bi s thy
tinh - Bi amian 29. VIII. Cc loi bi c 2. Bi kim loi - Bi nhm - Bi
ch - Bi cc kim loi khc: bi vng, bi ng, niken 30. VIII. Cc loi bi c
3. Bi cc khong cht v ha cht rn - Bi mangan dioxit (MnO2) - Bi asen
oxit v cc hp cht cha asen - Bi cryolit (Na3AlF6) - Bi photpho - Bi
mui than - Bi nha than 31. VIII. Cc loi bi c Bi photpho Bi mui than
Bi nhmBi ch 32. IX. Cc loi hi c kim loi v hi 1 s ha cht khc 1. Hi
kim loi - Hi thy ngn - Hi ch - Hi km, hi thic 33. IX. Cc loi hi c
kim loi v hi 1 s ha cht khc 2. Hi cc mui - Hi amoni clorua (NH4Cl)
- Hi km clorua (ZnCl2) 34. Yu t Tiu chun: mg/m3 - Bi 50 -100% 1 5%
< 1% (TC 15; 505 BYT/Q) 1,0 6,0 8,0 - Bi amian, Amian xanh v nu,
trng Thng t lin b 17/10/1998 Cm 1 triu si/m3 Hi c Thy ngn v hp cht
Mangan dioxit Km oxit Km Antimon (Sb) Asen trioxit (As2O3) Asen
pentaoxit (As2O5) Ch kim loi Ch tetraetyl [Pb(C2H5)4] Photpho trng
(P4) TC 1; 505 BYT/Q 0,01 0,3 0,5 10 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,01 0,005 0,03
Nng cho php ca 1 s loi bi v hi c trong khng kh khu vc sn xut 35. X.
Cc ng hp th ca cht c vo c th Hp th qua da: thy ngn, CS2, xng, Hp th
qua ng tiu ha Hp th qua ng h hp 36. V chy tu ch 17.000 lt xng do
thiu an ton chy n (http://vnexpress.net) Ngi n ng Campuchia cho xem
nh hng ca cht c asen (khoahoc.com.vn) Tranh b bng do PhotPho
(tulieu.violet.vn) 37. 3/19/2015 Tn tc gi 38 K thut an ton vi mt s
ha cht nguy him 38. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Lm vic vi cc loi
axit Lm vic vi cc loi baz Lm vic vi cc dung mi hu c K thut an ton
vi mt s ha cht nguy him 39 39. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Axit
flohydric (HF) Axit clohydric (HCl) Lm vic vi cc loi axit 3/19/2015
40 40. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Tc hi: gy bng, n mn c quan h
hp, da,. Axit clohydric (HCl) 41http://az24.vn
http://benhviennhi.org.v HCl B bng HCl 41. Faculty of Applied
Chemistry Cc bin php an ton: Thng ht gi tt ni lm vic. Kim tra chng
r r v nng HCl trong khng kh. Trang b phng h: mt n phng c, gng tay,
knh bo v mt, phi c vi nc sch v th thuc cp cu. Axit clohydric (HCl)
42 42. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Axit clohydric (HCl) Knh bo h
ng bo h 43http://asahoo.vn 43. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Bin php
cp cu: Bn vo mt: lp tc ra ngay bng nc nhiu ln. Bn vo da: di bng nc
v ra li bng dung dch soda 2-3%. Ng c ng h hp gii c bng cch cho ht
hi NaHCO3 0.03%. Ung phi axit: ung thuc gy nn v ra d giy, ung sa
ti, Axit clohydric (HCl) 44 44. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Tc hi:
vt thng nng, n su v rt au, ph hy hon ton m v xng. Axit flohydric
(HF) 45http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axit_flohydr HF HF 45. Faculty
of Applied Chemistry Cc bin php an ton: Thng ht gi tt ni lm vic.
Sn, tng phng lm bng vt liu chu HF. Cc thit b in phi chu c hi HF.
Khng s dng thy tinh cha HF. Dng thit b bo h c nhn, knh, qun o bo h,
gng tay v ng cao su. Axit flohydric (HF) 46 46. Faculty of Applied
Chemistry Bin php cp cu: Ra ngay bng nc sch hoc dung dich NaHCO3 5%
ri ngm ch tip xc trong ammoniac 2-3% trong 1-2 gi. Ra vi dung dch
nc (20%) ca manh sunfat hoc canxi gluconat 10%. Axit flohydric (HF)
47 47. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Tnh n mn mnh, c th n su xung di
da v gy vim lot nhim trng, ai din l (NaOH, KOH). Cc bin php an ton:
bo h c nhn ( knh,qun o bo h,gng tay,ng cao su). Lm vic vi cc loi
baz 48 48. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Bin php cp cu: B bn vo
da,mt: ra ngay bng nc sch, sau trung ha bng gim long, nc chanh. Ung
phi NaOH th cn ung nhiu nc c pha gim, chanh hoc dung dch axit
xitric, boric long. Lm vic vi cc loi baz 49 49. Faculty of Applied
Chemistry Metanol (CH3OH) Benzen (C6H6) Lm vic vi cc dung mi hu c
50 50. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Tc hi: co git, thiu mu, chy mu
x dy,nn ma, Benzen (C6H6) http://www.worldofmolecules.com C6H6 51
51. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Cc bin php an ton: Lm vic vi
benzene phi c ht kh, thng gi tt. Cn b tr cc u ng ht gn mt sn. Cc
thng cha benzen phi c y kn. eo mt n kh v s dng gng tay, ng, qun o
bo h. Benzen (C6H6) 52 52. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Bin php cp
cu: Ng c benzene phi a vo ni thong mt v bo nay cho bc s iu tr. Khi
ung phi benzene th cho nn nhn ung thuc gy nn, sau cho ung
MgSO4.7H2O. C th cho ung c ph hoc tr nng kch thch h tun hon. Benzen
(C6H6) 53 53. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Tc hi: ngi ng c metanol
s b m hoc t vong. Metanol 54 metanol B m do metanol nh
hnghttp://svtm.v 54. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Cc bin php an
ton: Dng c vn chuyn v bo qun methanol u lm bng kim loi trnh v. Mc
qun o bo h lao ng, eo rng tay cao su hoc neoprene, i ng. Lm vic
xong phi tm ra sch s v thay . Nng metanol trong khng kh trn 2% phi
s dng mt n chng kh c. Lun lun phi nh l methanol rt d chy. Metanol
55 55. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Bin php cp cu: Ung phi metanol
cn gy nn cho nn nhn, cho ung nhiu nc nng v gi bc s. Khi nn nhn b
ngt th tuyt i khng h hp nhn to. a nn nhn ra ni khng kh trong sch v
th xi,gi bc s ngay. Metanol 56 56. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Thy
ngn Cc loi kh v c c Lm vic vi cht v c c c tnh cao 57 57. Faculty of
Applied Chemistry Tc hi: gy h hi cho c th nh: h thn, vim ming, v
sinh, Thy ngn Vim ming 58 http://www.nhasisaigon.com Thy ngn lng
58. Faculty of Applied Chemistry Cc bin php an ton: Lm vic c thy
ngn cn c thng gi tt. Bo qun thy ngn trong bnh kn, bnh c cha
parafin. Mc qun o bo h lao ng chuyn dng. X l trit lng thy ngn ri vi
(to hn hng vi km v ng, dng bt lu hunh,). Thy ngn 59 59. Faculty of
Applied Chemistry Bin php cp cu: Nut phi thy m khng th gy nn c th
cn tin hnh ra d dy vi than hot tnh, sau cho ung manh sunfat nhun
trng. Ung dung dch 1,2-dithioglyxerin cng c tc dng rt tt. Thy ngn
60 60. 6.2.4 K THUT AN TON KHI BO QUN V VN CHUYN HA CHT 61. K THUT
AN TON KHI BO QUN HA CHT Cc nguyn tc chung v bn qun ha cht Nguyn tc
bo qun cc ha cht c mnh 62. Cc nguyn tc chung v bn qun ha cht Ti ni
lm vic ch lu gi lng ha cht cho nhu cu s dng Nn b tr ring kho ha cht
Khng kho ha cht gn khu vc sn xut Mi ha cht bo qun phi c dn nhn thch
hp Thng xuyn kim tra tnh hnh bao b ng ha cht. 63. Cc nguyn tc chung
v bn qun ha cht Kho ha cht cn thng gi thch hp trnh s tch t hi, kh c
C li vo ra d dng cho cc xe cu ha. B tr cc hng nc cu ha v bnh cu ha.
Bo qun ni nhit thp v thng gi tt, cch xa cc ngun nhit. Kho cn c
trang b y h thng an ton 64. Nguyn tc bo qun cc ha cht c mnh Cc cht
c mnh phi c bo qun trong cc bnh cha v chai lo dy v c nt kn Tt c cc
bnh cha phi c dn nhn cht c, du hiu cnh bo, ghi r tn ha cht v mc c
hi ca n. Nhng ha cht c hi hng A phi c bo qun trong kho ring, c ca
kha kn, tng v mi kho phi chc chn v chu la. 65. Nguyn tc bo qun cc
ha cht c mnh Vic cn ong hoc khuy trn ha cht c phi c thc hin ngay bn
cnh ha cht c. Khi giao v cp pht cht c mnh phi s dng cc dng c ring.
Ch nhng ngi c o to v nm vng k thut an ton mi c tip xc vi cc ha cht
c mnh. 66. K THUT AN TON KHI VN CHUYN HA CHT TRONG C S SN XUT Ha
cht c th c vn chuyn qua cc ng dn, bng ti, xe nng, hoc th cng. Nu vn
chuyn ha cht qua ng dn, pha thng xuyn kim tra cc van v mi ni ng dn
khng b nt hay r r. Khi vn chuyn bng bng ti cn bao che bng ti, c bit
ti cc im chuyn. 67. Vn chuyn cc bnh cha lng d chy cn m bo toa hng
thng gi tt, b tr, sp xp cc gi c bit, k lt tt m bo chng va p, cc
thng ni t tt, ngn pht sinh tia la in hoc nhit nng dn n chy n. Bnh
cha axit phi c y kn bng bng nt thy tinh mi hoc nt gm, sau c xp vo
cc thng g hoc cc st co lt phi bo hay vt liu chn m tm cht chng chy.
K THUT AN TON KHI VN CHUYN HA CHT TRONG C S SN XUT 68. Vn chuyn th
cng cc bnh cha axit kim v cc cht nguy him khc phi c t nht hai ngi
cng lm. Nu vn chuyn bng xe nng th ng vn chuyn phi c ng du r rng. K
THUT AN TON KHI VN CHUYN HA CHT TRONG C S SN XUT 69. 6.2.4 Nhng Bin
Php Ngn Nga V Hn Ch Cc Yu T c Hi Trong CNHC 70. Nhng Bin Php Ngn
Nga V Hn Ch Cc Yu T c Hi Trong CNHC Nguyn tc chung Cc bin php k
thut cng ngh Nhng bin php t chc phng nga tai nn v tin hnh cp cu Hng
dn cp cu khi xy ra tai nn 71. Nguyn Tc Chung Chng ta cn lu 2 yu t
nguy him sau y: Cng tc dng ca ha cht. ng tht thot ca ha cht t thit
b sn xut hoc trong qu trnh bo qun vn chuyn. 72. Nguyn tc lm gim nh
hng c hi p dng cc bin php k thut cng ngh nh: thay th bng ha cht khc
t c hn; iu chnh p sut, nhit ; thc hin ht kh, thng gi S dng cc dng c
v phng tin bo h lao ng 73. Cc Bin Php K Thut Cng Ngh Thay th cc ha
cht c hi S dng cc thit b kn Ht kh ti ch Cch ly nhng b phn nguy him
trong phn xng Thng ht gi ton b Cc bin php bo v v ci thin mi trng lm
vic 74. Thay Th Cc Ha Cht c Hi Thay th cc cht c hi bng cc ha cht t
c hn Thay th nhng ha cht d chy n bng nhng ha cht kh chy n hn Bin
php ny thng c p dng vi cc dung mi v c
