The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy (ana = apart; -tomy = to cut) -

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts--heart and bones

Physiology (physio = nature; -ology = the study of) - study of how the body and its parts work or function

--function of the heart to keep blood flowing**both are always related

Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy

Large structures Easily observable

Figure 14.4

Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy

Very small structures

Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural Organization

11 BODY SYSTEMS The Body Systems

Integumentary ~Respiratory Skeletal ~Digestive Muscular ~Urinary Nervous ~Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic

Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview Integumentary

Forms the external bodycovering. Waterproof.

Protects deeper tissue frominjury. Perspiration & Temp.

Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors. Pressure, pain, temp

Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview Skeletal

Protects and supportsbody organs

Provides muscleattachment for movement

Site of blood cellformation: Hematopoiesis

Stores mineral

Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview Muscular

Allows locomotion--contraction: shorten

Maintains posture Produces heat

Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview Nervous

Fast-acting controlsystem

Responds to internal andexternal change

Activates muscles andglands

Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview Endocrine

Secretes regulatoryhormones: control body activities Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular

Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System Overview Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

PG 5 and 6**Images

Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview

Respiratory Keeps blood supplied

with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview Digestive: Tube

Breaks down food Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible

material Liver and Pancreas: aid

and breakdown

Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview Urinary: Excretory

system Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes: urea and uric acid

Maintains acid – base balance

Regulates water and electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview Reproductive

Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life Functions: What does the human body do?

Maintain Boundaries Movement

Locomotion Movement of substances with other

systems Food, blood, urine

Responsiveness or Irritability Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within

the body Production of energy: ATP molecules Making body structures

Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic

reactions

Necessary Life Functions Reproduction

Production of future generation Growth

Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and

minerals Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Water

60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature: 37C or 98F Metabolic reactions optimal

Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Breathing and exchange of gas

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = state of equilibrium Continuously changes

normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – results in

disease

Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center

Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response

Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding Anatomical Position: always assumed in

standard position Exact terms are used for:

Position Direction Regions Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks Anterior Anatomical

Position

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body Planes

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities

Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c