Ana&Physio 1 - The Human Body - An Orientation

7/29/2019 Ana&Physio 1 - The Human Body - An Orientation

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The Human BodyAn Orientation

Prof. Yvette Marris E. Legaspi, RN, MAN


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Objectives:At the end of the lecture-discussion, you will be

able to :

Define anatomy and physiology.

Explain how anatomy and physiology arerelated.

Name the organ systems of the body andbriefly state the major functions of eachsystem.


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List functions that humans must perform

to maintain life.

Define homeostasis and explain itsimportance.

Use proper anatomical terminology to

describe body directions, surfaces andbody planes.


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Definition of Terms

Anatomy the study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts and their

relationships to one another.

Greek word:

Ana apart

Temnein or Tomy - cut


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Subdivided into:

Gross anatomyMicroscopic anatomy


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Physiology study of how the body

and its parts work or function.

Greek word:

Physis - nature or origin

Logia

study of


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Levels of Structural Organization


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Atom Are the ultramicroscopic building blocks of

matter

Composed of protons, neutrons, andelectrons

Examples would be oxygen, carbon,

nitrogen, and sodium They can be found on the periodic table of

elements


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Molecules

Atoms combine with one another to form molecules

Examples are:

Pure water (H2O)

Sodium chloride (NaCl

also called table salt)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Macromolecules - are large, biologically important

molecules inside cells.


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Cells

The cell is the fundamental unit of living

things

It has subcellular structures called

organelles. Organelles are aggregates of

macromolecules used to carry out a specific

unction in the cell.

There are different types of cells in the body

like blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells,

and bone cells.


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Tissues a group of cells with similar structure

performing the same function

There are four basic types of tissue found inthe human body:

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Neural


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OrganComposed of two or more types of

tissue. Example:

The small intestine which absorbs food

is made of all four types of tissue

The stomach is an organ it is composed

of epithelial tissue, muscle tissue,

nerve tissue, and connective tissue


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Organ system are composed of multiple organs that cooperate

to accomplish a common goal.

Organism

this is the highest level of organization in a living

thing.

In the human body and many other organisms it is

the result of several organ systems working

together.


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Integumentary System Includes:

skin

hair

nails

various glands

Major Functions

covers the body

senses changes

outside the body

helps regulate body

temperature.


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Skeletal System Made up of:

Bones

Ligaments

Functions:

Supports

protects

provides frameworksstores inorganic salts

houses blood-

forming tissues.


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Muscular System

Made up of:

Muscles

tendons

Functions:

Support

Protection

Movement

Posture

Body Heat


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Nervous System

Made up of: Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

sense organs

Functions:

Integrates information

responds to irritants or

stimuli detects changes

sends messages (impulses)

through the body to things

like muscles and glands


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Endocrine System Made up of:

glands that secret

hormones like the thyroid,

pineal, and pituitary

Functions: The endocrine system

controls body activities like

the nervous system, but

works much more slowly

They in part control

Growth

reproduction

food use by cells


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Cardiovascular System Made up of:

blood vessels

Heart

Functions: transport

distribution of

oxygen, hormones,

nutrients, and

other substances

removal of waste


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Lymphatic System Consist of:

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Thymus Spleen

tonsils

Functions:

drains excess tissue fluid

cleanses the blood

houses cells

of immunity


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Digestive System Consist of the:

Mouth

esophagus

stomach

intestines

rectum

other accessory organs such

as the liver and pancreas

Functions:

It receives, breakdown, andabsorbs nutrients

removal of unused food

through the anus

to reclaim water


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Respiratory System Made up of:

lungs

pharynx

larynx

trachea

nasal passages

bronchi

Functions:

keeps the body suppliedwith oxygen, which is

necessary for the body to

obtain energy

removes carbon dioxide


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Urinary System or Excretory System

Consist of:

Kidneys

Ureters

Urethra

Bladder

Functions:

Removes waste from blood

Flushes nitrogen conatianing

waste from the body

Helps maintain electrolyte

balance

Regulating the acid-base

balance (pH) of the blood


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Reproductive System

Male consist of: scrotum

Testes

penis

accesory glands like the

prostate vas deferens

Female consist of:

ovary

uterine tubes

uterus

vagina

mammary glands

Overall function:

to produce offspring


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Maintaining Life

1. Maintaining Boundaries

Every organism must be able to keep

its inside distinct from its outsideEvery organism has a cell membrane

around each of its cells to accomplish

this task

The human body as a whole has the

integumentary system to do this.


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2. Movement

Every organism is capable of some time

of movementMovement is not only things like walking,

grabbing, pushing, and pulling, it is also

occurs when substances like blood, urine,food, etc. are propelled through the

different sections of the body.


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3. Responsiveness

Responsiveness or irritability is the ability tosense changes (stimuli) and then react to them

If you were to burn your hand on the stove you

would quickly and involuntarily pull your handback

When carbon dioxide in your body reaches toxic

levels, breathing is increased to remove it

Nerves are responsible for most of our body's

responsiveness, however each cell has some

degree of responsiveness.


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4. Digestion

This is the process of breaking down food intosimple molecules that can then be absorbed.

This makes two other processes possible

Absorption is the passage of substancesthrough certain membranes , such as when

digestive products pass the the membrane

lining the intestines

Assimilation is when those substances that

have been absorbed are chemically changed

in to new substances


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5. Metabolism Refers to all chemical reactions within the body and

its individual cells. Some examples include

the breakdown of complex sugars to simple ones

making larger structures from smaller ones, like theconversion of amino acids to proteins

Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP ( the energy richmolecule used to power the cells activities)

In the human body metabolism depends on : The digestive system to provide nutrients

The respiratory system to provide oxygen The cardiovascualr system to distribute these substances

throughout the body.

The endocrine system uses hormones to regulatemetabolism


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6. Excretion

The process of removing waste.

These waste are nonuseful substances

produced during digestion and metabolism

Two examples of system that help in excretion

Digestive system rides the body of

indigestible food residue in the form of feces

The unrinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in the form of

urine


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7. Reproduction

the production of offspring, this occurs

at two levels Organismal- making a new organism

Cellular - making new cells to replace

old ones or growth


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8. Growth

An increase in size, this is usually

accomplished by an increase incells.

For growth to occur cells must bemade faster than cells die


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Homeostasis

Literal meaning is "unchanging Refers to the balancing act (state

of equilibrium) in which internal

conditions are regulated so that

the vary within vary narrowlimits.


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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Communication throughout the body is

essential for homeostasis to be possible.

Two organ systems play the biggest rolein this:

Nervous System

Endocrine System


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The Variable is the event or factor being regulated.

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3components:

Receptor - this is like a sensor that monitors and

responds to changes in the environment. Control Center - This determines the level at

which a variable is to be maintained. It also

analyzes the information sent from the receptor

and then determines the appropriate response.

Effector - This provides the means for the

control center to respond and restore balance.


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Two Basic Types of Homeostatic

Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback mechanisms - the

most common. In this type the net effect

of the response to the stimulus is to shut

off or reduce the original stimulus.

Positive Feedback mechanisms

rare inthe body because they tend to increase

the original stimulus.


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ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

The Language of Anatomy


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POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS


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BODY ORIENTATION ANDDIRECTIONAL TERMS


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Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the

front of the

body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at thebackside of the

body; Behind


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Superior

Toward the head or

upper part of a

structure or the body;above

Inferior

Away from the head

end or toward thelower part of a

structure or the body:

Below


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Medial

Toward or at the

midline of the

body; the inner

side

Lateral

Away from the

midline; on the

outer side of


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Proximal

Close to the origin of

the body part or the

point of attachment of

a limb to the body

trunk

Distal

Farther away from the

origin of a body part or

the point of attachment

of a limb to the body

trunk


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Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more

internal


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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS


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Sagittal section

Divides the body

into left and right

halves. Sagittal cutsare made along the

lengthwise or

longitudinal plane.

Also called as

Midsagittal section.


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Transverse section

Results from cuts

made along the

horizontal plane anddivides the body into

superior and inferior

(top and bottom). It

can also be called across section.


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Frontal section

Made along the

lengthwise plane and

divides the body intoanterior and

posterior sections

(front and back or

ventral and dorsal).This is also called a

coronal section.


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BODY CAVITIES


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Dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity

Spinal cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic

cavity Abdominal cavity

Pelvic Cavity


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ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE ANDCAVITY


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Four Quadrants


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Nine Regions


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Ana&Physio 1 - The Human Body - An Orientation