The Human Body: The Human Body: An Orientation

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1The Human Body:

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 1.1 – 1.39

The Human Body:An Orientation

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

The Human BodyThe Human Body –– An OrientationAn Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure andshape of the body and its parts

Slide 1.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Physiology – study of how the body andits parts work or function – the study of(ology) nature (physio)

• Both are always related – structuredetermines function.

AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study

• Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable


• Easily observable

• Anatomy means to cut(tomy) apart (ana).

Figure 1.1

AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very smallstructures

• Can only be


• Can only beviewed witha microscope

Figure 14.4

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization


Figure 1.1

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering -waterproof

• Cushions and protects deeper tissuefrom injury


Figure 1.2a

• Excretes salts and urea in sweat

• Helps regulate temperature -homeostasis

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nervereceptors

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

• Skeletal

• Protects and supportsbody organs

• Provides muscle


• Provides muscleattachment formovement

• Site of blood cellformation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b


• Muscular

• Only 1 function – tocontract or shorten

• Allows locomotion


• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

• Three main types –skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Figure 1.2c


• Nervous

• Fast-acting controlsystem


system

• Responds tointernal and externalchange

• Activates musclesand glands

Figure 1.2d


• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatoryhormones into theblood that targetdistant organs


distant organs

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism – fooduse by cells

Figure 1.2e


• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials inbody via blood pumped byheart


Figure 1.2f

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Hormones

• Nutrients

• Wastes


• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to bloodvessels


vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Houses cells involved inimmunity

Figure 1.2g


• Respiratory

• Keeps blood


• Keeps bloodsupplied withoxygen

• Removes carbondioxide

Figure 1.2h


• Digestive

• Breaks down food beginning inthe mouth and ending in thesmall intestine


Figure 1.2i

small intestine

• Allows for nutrient absorptioninto blood to be sent to thebody

• Eliminates indigestible material


• Urinary

• Eliminates harmfulnitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base


• Maintains acid – basebalance

• Regulation of materials

• Water

• Electrolytes - saltsFigure 1.2j


• Reproductive

• Production


• Productionof offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

• Organ systems do not work inisolation but work together to promote

the well-being of the entire bodythe well-being of the entire body

Slide 1.17


• Maintain Boundaries

• Inside remains distinct from outside – skinand cell membranes

• Movement

Slide 1.18

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances within the body

• Responsiveness - irritability

• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react


• Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

• Metabolism – chemical reactions withinthe body


the body

• Breakdown of macromolecules

• Production of energy - ATP

• Making body structures


• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from digestion andmetabolic reactions from the body

• Reproduction


• Reproduction

• Production of future generation – cellular ororganismal level

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

• All must be in appropriate amounts –too little or too much is harmful

• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building


• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids(fats), vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions such asmaking ATP

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Most reactions take place only in an aqueous


• Most reactions take place only in an aqueoussolution

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

• Breathing and gas exchange depends on

HomeostasisHomeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internalenvironment = a dynamic state ofequilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for


• Homeostasis must be maintained fornormal body functioning and to sustainlife

• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbancein homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural(nervous) and hormonal (endocrine)control systems

• Receptor


• Type of sensor that responds to changes inthe environment (stimuli)

• Sends information (input) to control center

• Information flows along the afferentpathway to the control center

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

• Control center

• Determines set point level

• Analyzes information received

• Determines appropriate response


• Determines appropriate response

• Effector

• Provides a means for response (output) to thestimulus

• Information flows along the efferent pathwayfrom the control center

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic controlmechanisms


mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reducesits intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback

• Increases the original stimulus to push thevariable farther


variable farther

• In the body this only occurs in blood clottingand birth of a baby

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to preventmisunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position


• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

• Anatomical Position

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1 (cont)

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

• Anterior –

• Ventral

• Front


• Front

Figure 1.5a

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

• Posterior –

• Dorsal

• Back


• Back

Figure 1.5b

• Body Planes and Sections

• Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ

• Three types of planes

• Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal

• Midsagittal, median section – If cut made downmeridian planemeridian plane

• Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane thatdivides into anterior and posterior – AKA coronalsection

• Transverse section – cut made along horizontal planethat divides into superior and inferior – AKA crosssection

Slide 1.33

Body PlanesBody Planes


Figure 1.6

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

• Two subdivisions ofdorsal body cavity

• Cranial

• Spinal


• Spinal

Figure 1.7

Body CavitiesBody Cavities• Ventral Body Cavity

• Superior thoracic cavityseparated by the inferiorabdominopelvic cavityby the diaphragm

• Abdominopelvic cavity


• Abdominopelvic cavitysometimes divided intosuperior abdominalcavity and inferior pelviccavity

Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

•The abdominopelviccavity can be divided

into four ~ equal


Figure 1.8a

into four ~ equalquadrants namedaccording to theirrelative positions

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

• The abdominopelviccavity can also bedivided into nine


Figure 1.8b

separate regions byfour planes

Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs

• Anterior view ofthe ventral bodycavity showingsuperficial


Figure 1.8c

superficialorgans

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The Human Body: The Human Body: An Orientation