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Where are the emotions? There is no emotional center in the brain.- source: The New York Times

Global Workspace diagram (Baars, 1983, 1988, 2002, Baars & Franklin, 2003)

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Why a theater (or parliament) metaphor may be useful The theater combines:1. Limited capacity: Only one actor can talk on stage at a time. 2. Massive parallel processing: All the audience members, cast members, director, etc., are thinking about what the actor is saying.

Shakespearean theater in London, 1600s.

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Where are the emotions? There is no emotional center in the brain.- source: The New York Times

Hypothesis 1. Perception. Conscious perception activates widespread brain regions. Dehaene et al 2001, Nature Neuroscience.Words like LION and NOTE are shown for 20 ms.

In the unconscious case they are preceded and followed by pattern masks. In the visible case they are followed by black fields, making the words conscious.

Below, recognition tests show that there is no memory for the masked words, while memory for the conscious words is quite good. This is to check whether masking is effective.

This experiment might therefore answer the question: What is the difference between conscious and unconscious visual words, in terms of their cortical activity?

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Results of Dehaenes (2001) experiment: Conscious vs. Unconscious visual words.

Masked words activate visual cortex.

The same words, when they are conscious, also activated much wider regions in parietal and frontal cortex.

Conscious Unconscious

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Standing (1973) found that recognition accuracy for 10,000 pictures shown for 5 seconds each, over several days was better than 96 percent.

No intention to learn was needed.

By contrast, unconscious learning appears to be short-term at best. What about memory?

Conscious input facilitates learning.The hippocampus is specialized for encoding conscious (episodic) events.

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Where are the emotions? There is no emotional center in the brain.- source: The New York Times*

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