CORRUPTION

power tends to corrupt &absolute power corrupt absolutely.

Definition : It is not easy to define corruption. But in a narrow sense,

corruption is mostly concerned with bribery and it takes several forms. Corruption is a global phenomenon and it is omnipresent. Corruption has progressively increased and is now rampant in our society.

Causes of corruption :• Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in

the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are regarded as an achromatic.

• In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw.

• Election time is a time when corruption is at its peak level. Big industrialist fund politicians to meet high cost of election and ultimately to seek personal favour. Bribery to politicians buys influence, and bribery by politicians buys votes. In order to get elected, politicians bribe poor illiterate people, who are slogging for two times meal.

TYPES OF CORRUPTION :

Bribery - Graft - EmbezzlementTrading in influence - KickbacksPatronage - Nepotism and cronyism - Unholy alliance

Trading in influence • Trading in influence, or influence peddling in certain countries, refers to

the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. But from a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and certain forms of extreme and poorly regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest retribution, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of certain environmental, social or other regulations perceived as too stringent etc.). Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of improper influence.

Impact of corruption on India’s GDP growth

Impact of corruption in business

Perception of most corrupt industries

How will corruption scenario in India change in the next 2 years?

List of scandals : 2011• Hasan Ali Khan scandal

• Indian Black Money in Swiss Banks

• Bellary mines scandal

• ISRO Spectrum Allocation Scam

2010• 2G spectrum scam and Radia Tapes Controversy

• Adarsh Housing Society scam

• Commonwealth Games Scam

2009• Madhu Koda mining scam

• Satyam scandal

• Vasundhara Raje land scam

2008

• Cash For Votes Scandal

• Pune billionaire Hasan Ali Khan tax default

• The Satyam scam

2006• Stamp Paper Scam

• Scorpene Deal Scam

2005

• IPO scam

• Oil-for-food programme scam (Natwar Singh)

2004• Gegong Apang PDS Scam

Measures to combat corruption

• Prevention. An Important Tool in Fighting Corruption• Broad Based Capacity Building to Strengthen all

Pillars of Integrity• Capacity Building A New Definition• The Role of the National Integrity Unit in Integrating

Reforms• Raising Public Awareness

Prevention. An Important Tool in Fighting Corruption

Broad Based Capacity Building to Strengthen all Pillars of Integrity

Capacity Building A New Definition

The Role of the National Integrity Unit in Integrating Reforms

Raising Public Awareness

Mauritius National Integrity Action Plan

• Private Sector - Strengthen Code of Ethics for managers of private-

sector companies - Increase transparency of political party financing - Implement declaration and monitoring of assets for

private-sector managers - Increase public accountability for private-sector

managers - Increase protection of shareholders interests - Increase control of monopolies and quasi-monopolies - Improve monitoring of financial services, banking, and

insurance

Key Principles• Local Ownership• Increase accountability through increased transparency• Enforce access to information to all• Balancing of powers across executive, legislative and judiciary• Broad-based capacity building• Public empowered to monitor the state• Administration based on rules• Rule of law• Focus on corruption initiated both from the “North and South”• Overall objective is improved service delivery and high quality

growth

CONCLUSION1. Successful reform requires a country to integrate and harmonise all reforms in to a National Reform Program, including: sector reforms, financial reforms, economic reforms, constitutional reforms, civil-service reform, decentralisation, army demobilisation, privatisation, and legal reforms.2. Reform is a long-term process where attitudes and conduct must be examined and reevaluated for effectiveness at all levels.3. Successful reformers will have to manage both expectations and change while introducing realistic incentive structures and sanctions.4. Initially, reform should only tackle areas: (a) that can show credible impact on issues important to key stakeholders; (b) where the return on investment is greatest; (c) that are discrete and where reformers can control implementation, (d) that are within the budget; and (e) that can have some short-term positive impact.5. Reform is a process of instituting building blocks that must be put in place over a number of years.6. The process of and commitment to reform must be visibly supported from the top.