NSFR LIQUIDITY FRAMEWORK:

Theoretical Implementation Requirements IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS TO ADAPT TO NEW NSFR LIQUIDITY PARAMETERS

WORKSHOP

4 th AnnualPractical Funds Transfer Pricing and Balance Sheet Management Forum17 th September 2014, London, UK

Rodrigo ZepedaIndependent Consultant

Section 1: An Overview of the NSFR Liquidity Framework

Section 2: Building NSFR into FTP Logic

Section 3: Integrating NSFR into FTP and Liquidity Management Systems

Section 4: FTP and NSFR: Strategic Considerations

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An Overview of the NSFR Liquidity FrameworkSECTION 1

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Basel III, the LCR, and the NSFR• Under the auspices of the new Basel III Framework, the Basel Committee on Banking

Supervision (“BCBS”) has sought to strengthen its liquidity framework by developing two minimum operational standards for funding and liquidity.

• 1) The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”)Aims to promote short-term resilience of a bank’s liquidity risk profile by ensuring that it has sufficient High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA” ) to survive a significant stress scenario lasting for one month.

• 2) The Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) Aims to promote resilience over a longer time horizon by creating additional incentives for banks to fund their activities with more stable sources of funding on an ongoing basis.

• Monitoring tools to track the diversification of funding sources, asset encumbrance, disclosure.

• The LCR and the NSFR aim to improve the ability of banks to absorb shocks that may arise in times of unforeseen financial and economic stress.

• The BCBS states:“…the NSFR will require banks to maintain a stable funding profile in relation to the composition of their assets and off-balance sheet activities”, and that the NSFR “limits overreliance on short-term wholesale funding, encourages better assessment of funding risk across all on- and off-balance sheet items, and promotes funding stability” (BCBS, 2014).

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The LCR and the NSFR

The LCR

• The value of the stock of High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA”) in stressed conditions, relative to total Net Cash Outflows (“NCO”) calculated according to scenario parameters over a 30 day period.

• Stock of HQLA is the amount of stock of unencumbered HQLA that banks must hold to cover the total NCO over a 30-day prescribed stress scenario period.

• Total NCO are the total expected cash outflows minus the total expected cash inflows in the specified stress scenario for a subsequent period of 30 calendar days.

The NSFR

• The amount of available stable funding, relative to the amount of required stable funding, with a ratio equal to at least 100% on an on-going basis.

• Available Stable Funding (“ASF”) is the portion of capital and liabilities expected to be reliable over the time horizon considered by the NSFR, which extends to one year.

• Required Stable Funding (“RSF”) is the amount of RSF based on a measurement of the broad characteristics of the liquidity risk profile of an institution’s assets and off-balance sheet (“OBS”) exposures.

Short-term liquidity requirements (30 day time horizon)

Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)

=

Stock of High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA)

≥ 100% Total Net Cash Outflows (NCO) over the next

30 calendar days

Long-term liquidity requirements (1 year time horizon)

Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)

= Available Amount of Stable Funding

≥ 100% Required Amount of Stable Funding

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LCR and NSFR HQLA Requirements

Level 1 Assets Level 2 AssetsLevel 2A Assets Level 2B Assets

• Recognised at 100% weighting.

• Level 1 assets generally include cash, central bank reserves, and certain marketable securities backed by sovereigns and central banks, i.e. sovereign debt.

• These assets are typically of the highest quality and the most liquid, and there is no limit on the extent to which a bank can hold these assets to meet the LCR.

• Recognised at 85% weighting.

• Level 2A assets include certain government securities rated below AA- (sovereign debt assigned a 20% risk weighting under the Basel II Standardised Approach for credit risk), covered bonds and corporate debt securities (rated at least AA-).

• Level 2B assets include lower rated corporate bonds (between BBB- and A+ ratings, 50% haircut), residential mortgage backed securities (25% haircut) and equities that meet certain conditions (mostly unencumbered).

Level 2B assets may not account for more than 15% of a bank’s total stock of HQLA.

Level 1 assets must account for at least 60% of HQLA.

Level 2 assets may not in aggregate account for more than 40% of a bank’s stock of HQLA. 2

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An Overview of The NSFR RequirementsNSFR: • Aims to ensure banks maintain a stable funding profile in relation to their on-

balance sheet and OBS activities.

• Robust funding will reduce the probability that a bank’s liquidity position deteriorates owing to disruptions in regular funding sources or during a time of severe economic stress in the relevant financial markets.

• Stable funding consists of wholesale funding, including equity (regulatory capital) or capital instruments of greater than one year residual maturity (excluding instruments with explicit/embedded options whose exercise would decrease the expected maturity to less than 1 year) and retail funds.

• Stable funding excludes short-term wholesale funding, e.g. from the interbank lending market.

• Access to central bank liquidity is excluded when calculating the NSFR and LCR ratios.

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An Overview of The NSFR Requirements (cont)

ASF Liability Categories and Associated ASF Factors (BCBS 2014, p. 5)

ASF Factor

Components of ASF Category

100% • Total regulatory capital• Other capital instruments and liabilities with effective residual maturity of one year or more

95% • Stable non-maturity (demand) deposits and term deposits with residual maturity of less than one year provided by retail and small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) customers

90% • Less stable non-maturity deposits and term deposits with residual maturity of less than one year provided by retail and SME customers

50% • Funding with residual maturity of less than one year provided by non-financial corporate customers• Operational deposits• Funding with residual maturity of less than one year from sovereigns, public sector entities (PSEs), and multilateral and national development banks• Other funding with residual maturity of not less than six months and less than one year not included in the above categories, including funding provided by central banks and financial institutions

0% • All other liabilities and equity not included in the above categories, including liabilities without a stated maturity• Derivatives payable net of derivatives receivable if payables are greater than receivables

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An Overview of The NSFR Requirements (cont)

Summary of Asset Categories and RSF Factors (BCBS 2014, p.9)

RSF Factor

Components of RSF Category

0% • Coins and banknotes• All central bank reserves• Unencumbered loans to banks subject to prudential supervision with residual maturities of less than six months

5% • Unencumbered Level 1 assets, excluding coins, banknotes and central bank reserves

15% • Unencumbered Level 2A assets

50% • Unencumbered Level 2B assets• HQLA encumbered for a period of six months or more and less than one year• Loans to banks subject to prudential supervision with residual maturities six months or more and less than one year• Deposits held at other financial institutions for operational purposes• All other assets not included in the above categories with residual maturity of less than one year, including loans to non-bank financial institutions, loans to non-financial corporate clients, loans to retail and small business customers, and loans to sovereigns, central banks and PSEs

65% • Unencumbered residential mortgages with a residual maturity of one year or more and with a risk weight of less than or equal to 35%• Other unencumbered loans not included in the above categories, excluding loans to financial institutions, with a residual maturity of one year or more and with a risk weight of less than or equal to 35% under the Standardised Approach

85% • Other unencumbered performing loans with risk weights greater than 35% under the Standardised Approach and residual maturities of one year or more, excluding loans to financial institutions• Unencumbered securities that are not in default and do not quality as HQLA including exchange-traded equities• Physical traded commodities, including gold

100% • All assets that are encumbered for a period of one year or more• Derivatives receivable net of derivatives payable if receivables are greater than payables• All other assets not included in the above categories, including non-performing loans, loans to financial institutions with a residual maturity of one year or more, non-exchange-traded equities, fixed assets, pension assets, intangibles, deferred tax assets, retained interest, insurance assets, subsidiary interests, and defaulted securities2

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An Overview of The NSFR Requirements (cont)

Summary of OBS Categories and Associated RSF Factors (BCBS 2014, p.10)

RSF Factor RSF Category5% of the currently undrawn portion

• Irrevocable and conditionally revocable credit and liquidity facilities to any client

National supervisors can specify the RSF factors based on their national circumstances

Other contingent funding obligations, including products and instruments such as:• Unconditionally revocable credit and liquidity facilities;• Trade finance-related obligations (including guarantees and letters of credit);• Guarantees and letters of credit unrelated to trade finance obligations; and• Non-contractual obligations such as — potential requests for debt repurchases of the bank’s own debt or that of related

conduits, securities investment vehicles and other such financing facilities; — structured products where customers anticipate ready marketability, such as adjustable

rate notes and variable rate demand notes (VRDNs); and — managed funds that are marketed with the objective of maintaining a stable value.

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LCR and NSFR Implementation Timeline

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Example Bank NSFR Implementation Timeline

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Building NSFR into FTP LogicSECTION 2

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FTP Logic

• Funds Transfer Pricing (“FTP”): is a process by which a bank uses an internal system to measure and allocate the profitability of outgoing, incoming, or invested funds, with a view to measuring the comparative performance of different operating business units of a bank.

• In essence FTP measures the contribution each source of funding makes to the overall profitability of the bank or financial institution (“BFI”).

Moody’s Analytics (2011):

• FTP is a critical component of risk transfer, profitability measurement, capital allocation, and specifying business unit incentives, via allocation of net interest income (“NII”) to products, product lines, or business units.

• A well-designed FTP system uses a central funding center (i.e. Treasury) to buy funds from liability gatherers at an economic funds transfer credit, and sells funds to asset gatherers at an economic funds transfer price; FTP rates allow the bank to allocate contribution margin so the line of business (“LOB”) profit and loss (“P&L”) can be aggregated to equal the bank’s net interest margin (“NIM”).

• Theoretical and technical underpinnings of a successful FTP implementation are significant, major hurdle is securing buy-in from the banks’ LOB.4

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Pre- and Post-Crisis Approaches to FTP Systems• Pre-Crisis approaches to FTP systems involved bank FTP infrastructures that either did

not charge for funding liquidity risk or were overly simplistic and lacked responsiveness – deriving from prevailing assumption of ‘on tap’ liquidity in wholesale markets.

• Post-Crisis approaches now acknowledge the need for pricing liquidity risk, justified from both the crisis experience and empirically proved through bank modelling (IMF, 2013).

• According to Matz (2011, p.437): “Including liquidity costs and benefits in prices is unquestionably the biggest single improvement risk managers can make.”

• Features of allocating liquidity costs and benefits in a Liquidity Transfer Pricing (“LTP”) system:

• Reduces deposit disintermediation and lowers reliance on volatile funding;

• Receives compensation for OBS commitments that reflect risks taken;

• Reduces foregone interest lost from holdings of excess buffer assets;

• Increases income;

• Makes it possible to evaluate performance of buffer portfolio without comparison to arbitrary benchmarks;

• Improves liquidity risk management from trading activities; and

• Complies with regulatory guidance (Matz 2011, p.438-443).

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The Features of a LTP System (FSI 2011, p.4)

• Attributes the liquidity costs, benefits and risks from business units to a centrally managed pool, charging for fund users (i.e. assets/loans) for cost of liquidity, and crediting fund providers (i.e. liabilities/deposits) for liquidity benefits.

• Costs of providing liquidity cushion are recouped through charges for contingent commitments (e.g. lines of credit, collateral postings, liquidity facilities) based on predicted use of liquidity.

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LTP System Guiding PrinciplesPrinciples for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision (BCBS, 2008)

(“Liquidity Principles”):

• Principle 1: A bank is responsible for the sound management of liquidity risk.

• Principle 2: A bank should clearly articulate a liquidity risk tolerance that is appropriate for its business strategy and its role in the financial system.

• Principle 4: A bank should incorporate liquidity costs, benefits and risks in the internal pricing, performance measurement and new product approval process for all significant business activities (both on- and off-balance sheet), thereby aligning the risk-taking incentives of individual business lines with the liquidity risk exposures their activities create for the bank as a whole.

• Principle 5: A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk. This process should include a robust framework for comprehensively projecting cash flows arising from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items over an appropriate set of time horizons.

• Principle 6: A bank should actively monitor and control liquidity risk exposures and funding needs within and across legal entities, business lines and currencies, taking into account legal, regulatory and operational limitations to the transferability of liquidity.

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Building NSFR into FTP Logic

• Static or Dynamic Basel III framework?

• Update an old FTP system or devise and implement a new FTP system?

• Separate or Integrated Basel III and FTP systems and steering mechanisms?

• Compliance of external and internal requirements on an aggregate level (Kratky, 2012)?

• Compliance of external and internal requirements on a product level (Kratky, 2012)?

• Immediate (anticipating Basel III funding costs) or Phased-In higher FTP costs (Kratky, 2012)?

• Management of Basel III ratios in isolation or managed simultaneously?

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The NSFR FTP Operational Framework

Board of Directors

Treasury Funding Centre

FTP (Pooled or Matched Maturity Models) and internal funds pricing policy and hedge book Managing Profit Centre Loans and Deposits Managing assets (funds users) and liabilities (funds providers)Actual and Forecasted Balance SheetInterest rate and liquidity risk management

Liquidity Risk Analytics

Liquidity Ratios (NSFR, LCR) Integration Liquidity Gap Liquidity Projections Scenario Analysis Back Testing and Stress Testing Balance Sheet Forecasting Balance Sheet Steering

Crisis Management

Team

Contingency Funding Plan Pre-Crisis Planning Early Warning Systems Identification of Scenarios and Stress Levels Identification of Triggers, Early Warning Indicators, and Key Risk Indicators

Chief Risk Officer

Chief Financial Officer

Asset-Liability Management

Committee (ALCO)

Basel III Management Committee /

Project Working Group

Compliance Legal

Verification of adherence to minimum Liquidity Risk Ratios, Leverage Ratios, and Capital Requirements Basel III Reporting Basel III Monitoring ToolsCounterparty risk compliance

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Integrating NSFR into FTP and Liquidity Management SystemsSECTION 3

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The Foundations of a Robust NSFR LTP-FTP Framework• Liquidity Principle 1: “A bank should establish a robust liquidity risk management

framework that ensures it maintains sufficient liquidity, including a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets, to withstand a range of stress events, including those involving the loss or impairment of both unsecured and secured funding sources. Supervisors should assess the adequacy of both a bank’s liquidity risk management framework and its liquidity position and should take prompt action if a bank is deficient in either area in order to protect depositors and to limit potential damage to the financial system” (BCBS 2008, p.3).

• Liquidity Principle 7:“A bank should establish a funding strategy that provides effective diversification in the sources and tenor of funding. It should maintain an ongoing presence in its chosen funding markets and strong relationships with funds providers to promote effective diversification of funding sources. A bank should regularly gauge its capacity to raise funds quickly from each source. It should identify the main factors that affect its ability to raise funds and monitor those factors closely to ensure that estimates of fund raising capacity remain valid” (BCBS 2008, pp.3-4).

• Liquidity Principle 12: “A bank should maintain a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets to be held as insurance against a range of liquidity stress scenarios, including those that involve the loss or impairment of unsecured and typically available secured funding sources. There should be no legal, regulatory or operational impediment to using these assets to obtain funding” (BCBS 2008, p.4).

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1 Month

3 Month

6 Month

1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 15 Year0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

UST Swap Yield AA Bank Senior Note

Term

Rate

s (p

erc

en

t)

Liquidity Term Premiums

Adapted fromMatz (2011, p.446)

Liquidity spread

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Contingent Liquidity Risks• Contingent liquidity risks should be

identified using frequent data and at a sufficiently granular level.

• Contingent liquidity premiums should be allocated at a granular level to the entities that create the liquidity risk.

• Contingent liquidity premiums may be reduced through liquidity forecasting and behavioural modelling.

• Banks may need to enhance data and technology infrastructure to ensure that they have sufficient high-quality data for Basel III reporting and liquidity risk management purposes.

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Funds Transfer Pricing

FTP

Recharge cost of liquidity buffer sized using stress & scenario testing

Commercial margin

Cost of capital – credit risk

Cost of un-hedgeable risk (e.g. basis, prepayment)

Cost of intra day liquidity

Cost of contingent commitments

Maturity transformation

Cost of funding Term liquidity premium

Cost of funding Reference rate

Marginal funding curve

e.g. 3 month Libor

Risk adjusted profit

Hurdle rate

(Kumar Tangri, Risk Specialist, ALM & Liquidity FSA) (Kratky 2012, p.18)

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Integrating LTP into FTP Systems: EXAMPLE 1 (Moody’s)

Commercial Margin

Option Spread

Credit Spread

Contingent Liquidity Spread

Funding Liquidity Spread

Cost of Funds(Moody’s Analytics

2011, p.13)

Typically based on a base funding curve which uses a market reference rate (i.e. swap/LIBOR curve) or constructed using institution-specific cost of funds curve based on internal rate observations.

Funds Transfer Price

The expected cost of funds needed to support the funding exposure for the remaining duration (i.e. institution-specific funding premium).

The estimated compensation factored in for the credit risk taken on.

The estimated compensation factored in for the potential exercise of options embedded into the contract.

This reflects business-driven commercial mark-ups in addition to economic criteria which drive business policies via incentives and penalties differentiated by product and market.

The cost of maintaining a sufficient cushion of high quality liquid assets to meet sudden or unexpected obligations.

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Integrating LTP into FTP Systems: EXAMPLE 2 (FSI)

(FSI 2011)

• The contingent liquidity risk embedded in various business activities is examined, and LTP charges are attributed based on predicted or expected use of funding liquidity.

• At a basic level, banks should be charging contingent commitments based on their likelihood of drawdown (“drawdown factor”).

• The drawdown factor should be assessed using behavioural modelling and should be derived from directly relevant factors such as customer drawdown history, customer credit rating, length of customer relationship, and size of commitment.

• More advanced banks might assess individual customer behaviour and develop and assign weighted probabilities of drawdown.

• Liquidity cushion assets should be of the highest form of liquidity.

• The size of liquidity cushions should be derived from stress-testing outcomes and scenario analyses which account for idiosnycratic and systemic scenarios.

• Funding charges should be based on long-term rates (not short-term overnight rates).

cushion liquidity funding ofcost drawdown of likelihoodlimit

amount drawdown -limit xx

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Integrating LTP into FTP Systems: EXAMPLE 3 (Matz)

• DIRECT current mismatch costs :• Mismatch (term structure) costs;

• Mismatch component of liquidity risk is fairly stable;

• Debits and credits should equal after adjustment (e.g. liquidity life of indeterminate maturity deposits, rollover life of retail time deposits).

• INDIRECT future contingent costs:• Standby liquidity costs;

• Contingency component of liquidity risk is very volatile;

• Charges and credits need to be 100% assigned to products and business activities, and full amount of cost (but no more) is allocated as income to contingent liquidity risk hedges.

• The cost of liquidity contingency risk is the hedge cost:• Holding unencumbered high-quality marketable assets:

Cost is the forgone income, the opportunity cost, resulting from the choice to hold lower-yielding assets.

• Holding stable long-term liabilities: Cost is the difference between the actual cost of funding and the lowest possible cost.

(Matz 2011, p.464)[Sourced from Joanne Trefrey, Bank of Monntreal]

Revolving Loan

Unfunded

Funded

Unpledged Liquid Assets

Held

Core Deposits

Long Term Liabilities*

Long Term Liabilities

Contingent Charges & Credits

Mismatch (Structural) Charges & Credits

Liquidity Charges* Only amounts required to cover

contingent risk

Contingent risk is charged on unfunded portion of loan, and offsetting credit is split between unpledged buffer assets hedge and long-term liabilities hedge.

Mismatch term or structural risk is charged for consuming liquidity risk, and the offsetting credit is applied to existing liabilities.

(Matz 2011)

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NSFR Balance Sheet Calculation

• Discuss Basel III Monitoring Reporting Template (Version 2.6.1) (Bank of Luxembourg) – separate Microsoft Excel sheet.

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Integrating NSFR into FTP and LMIS1. Identify term liquidity charge using bank’s credit spread (including nominal market

liquidity risk).

2. Adjust term-based liquidity charges (assets) and credits (liabilities) via internal methodologies.

3. Calculate the contingency liquidity charge using the cost of holding liquid assets (yield difference), the cost of holding long-term liabilities (difference between lowest cost of funding), or both.

4. Adjust liquidity premiums for strategic balance sheet positions and deficient or excess liquidity holdings (Turner 2011) .

5. Calculate full FTP charges for NSFR Ratio components (ASF/RSF).

6. Incorporate LCR liquidity buffer (wholesale/retail) costs into the FTP system.

7. Adjust NSFR Ratio to optimally achieve (in terms of FTP charges) the required NSFR Ratio.

8. Incorporate LCR and Leverage Ratios into LMIS and FTP system.

9. Evaluate impact of NSFR on LCR and Leverage Ratios and Optimise balance sheet steering.

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FTP and NSFR: Strategic ConsiderationsSECTION 4

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Strategic Considerations: Effects and Responses • The NSFR will likely in general reduce reliance on short-term wholesale funding

markets, i.e. federal funds, interbank markets (o% NSFR weighting), repo markets, and securitized markets.

• The combined effect of the LCR and NSFR may be to increase other levels of risk undertaken by banks, e.g. increased credit risk and market risk levels.

• One of the most effective ways to strategically monitor the existing, and changes in, levels of risk taking is to implement new, or upgrade or refine existing, FTP (including LTP) systems.

• Overall impact of NSFR likely to affect investment banking operations more compared to retail banking (i.e. retail banking operations have comparatively higher levels of deposits with maturity of greater than 1 year (both stable deposits with deposit guarantee scheme (ASF Factor=90%) and less stable deposits without deposit guarantee scheme (ASF Factor=80% ).

• Banks should not adopt a siloed view of the NSFR, as the NSFR will interact with other regulatory initiatives such as RWA, leverage ratios, central clearing of derivatives, and recovery and resolution planning.

• More onerous national regulations (e.g. US Federal Reserve rules ) may increase regulatory arbitrage.4

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Strategic Considerations: Increasing the NSFR King (2013):

• The study estimated the NSFR for banks in 15 countries and the impact on Net Interest Margins (“NIMs”).

• The analysis showed suggested that banks in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK might experience greatest declines in NIMs in meeting NSFR, owing to their universal banking model with highly diversified funding and a high concentration of trading assets.

• Average decline for them was -156 basis points (“bp”) compared to -27 bp for 6 other banks (Canada; Mexico; Netherlands; Spain; Italy; Australia) below NSFR ratio.

• Banks must either increase ASF, reduce RSF, or both by: (1) extending maturity of wholesale funding (2) Increase the share of corporate loans to retail loans and shorten maturity; (3) sell investments and increase cash holdings; and (4) increase holding of high-quality liquid bonds.

[Study was based on a sample of (commercial, investment, savings, cooperative, and mortgage) banks in 15 countries (Australia; Canada; Chile; France; Germany; Hong Kong; Italy; Japan; Korea; Mexico; Netherlands; Spain; Switzerland; UK; USA) using income statement and balance sheet data as of year-end 2009]

Strategies to increase the NSFR (King 2013, p.4147)

“The changes may go beyond simply changing the composition of existing balance sheets; banks may also need to exit some businesses or adopt new business models” (King 2013, p.4153)

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Strategic Perspectives

IMF (2014):

• High number of banks meeting minimum 100% NSFR threshold (86% out of total of 2,079 banks) at end-2012 (excluding France, Germany, Portugal, Slovenia).

• Sensitivity tests used showed NSFR is sensitive to changes in the weights assigned to loans and deposits, and less to securities and OBS categories, i.e. changes in loan and deposit weights will have a substantial impact on how banks meet/do not meet 100% NSFR threshold.

• Socio-economic and political context needs to be taken into account, e.g. high NSFR ratios may reflect a lack of confidence in the system or potential balance of payment problems indicated by high government securities holdings and deposits.

[Study was based on an empirical analysis of end-2012 financial data for 2,079 banks covering 128 countries]

PwC (2014):

• Secured financing transactions unduly penalised as transacted with non-banks (50% weighting).

• Disruptive impact on derivatives (50% weighting with central clearing house), repos, and trade finance agreements (50% weighting).

• Three potential options for dealing with NSFR:

1. reduce volume of NSFR-unfriendly transactions (likely to erode market credibility;

2. reduce asset-liability mismatch by reducing tenor of assets (likely to lead to loss of clients seeking alternative maturities elsewhere);

3. extend maturities of liabilities (most viable option).

[Findings are partly based on the views of bankers attending a PwC-hosted round table on the latest developments in NSFR]

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Strategic Perspectives (cont)

(Fielder and Mahlnecht, 2013)• Improving one Basel III ratio such as the LCR in isolation is pointless if another ratio such as the NSFR is

negatively effected, or the resulting transaction needs to be “healed” (e.g. through strategically unwanted balance sheet expansion).

Optimisation:

• Reduce indirect costs of loans, for instance by streamlining lending processes, increasing automation, reducing local branch networks, and by improving collateral management (e.g. cross-collateralisation) and securitizing parts of balance sheets held.

• Banks that dispose of excess liquidity/HQLA can use assets to make profits by servicing other banks in need of LCR/NSFR improvements.

• NSFR numerator can be improved by term repo on illiquid ineligible securities (RSF 100%) which cheapens funding costs whilst satisfying NSFR.

• Banks can borrow HQLA eligible assets and collateralize them with non-eligible assets (“asset/asset-swaps”).

Structured Implementation:

• Considering: (1) which business types have to be reduced or abandoned; (2) which new opportunities arise; (3) analysis of interdependencies; (4) adapting existing strategy planning processes; (5) deciding on business model changes; (6) planning deposit and asset structures and use of FTP and limits; (7) can the LCR and NSFR be actively steered to facilitate new business plans.3

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Strategic Perspectives (cont)

Modelling:

• Leon (2012) used Monte Carlo simulation and the generation of bivariate Poisson random numbers to estimate intraday liquidity buffers for large-value payment systems of financial institutions.

• Farooqui (2011) showed that liquidity risk can be measured using static liquidity gaps derived from a stochastic model based on Monte Carlo simulation. The model was also able to provide a point of liquidity crisis over a time frame predicted using a Binomial Model and Merton’s Asset Based Model (note: the model would need to be adapted to non-static dynamic liquid gaps).

• Pokutta and Schmaltz (2012) formulated an optimization model that bank planners can use for Basel III corporate planning. The model can determine the most profitable product mix (i.e. optimal volumes of long-term loans, long-term funding, deposits, and short-term interbank lending and funding), extended to multiple periods, and including the most profitable sequence of product volumes.

“With respect to data, our model requires a set of standard inputs that should be available in every bank: for all products, product interest rates, LCR and NSFR-parameters are necessary. Additionally, assets need the standard risk parameters probability of default (PD) and loss-given de-faults (LGD). These risk parameters are converted into required minimum capital via the Vsicek/Gordy-model of the IRBA approach in Basel II/III” (Pokutta and Schmaltz 2012, p.173).

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10 Strategic Benefits of Integrating NSFR into FTP and LMIS 1. Comprehensive adherence to regulatory standards.

2. Increased accuracy of realistic FTP operational costs.

3. Higher level of granularity which can highlight the liquidity buffer costs of adopting different NSFR adherence strategies.

4. Able to view the impact of manipulating different NSFR ratios on Contingent Liquidity Costs and overall FTP costs for products, Lines of Business, Business Units, or overall profitability.

5. Able to cross-net FTP charges for Lines of Business or Business Units.

6. Able to carry out comprehensive liquidity strategic scenario analysis.

7. Able to carry out comprehensive funding strategic scenario analysis.

8. Able to clearly and transparently see both the impact and estimated costs of amending LCR ratios on NSFR ratios (and vice versa).

9. Able to undertake more optimised strategic investment and balance sheet management decisions.

10.Able to develop software simulation based model to show the most optimal, or a specified range of most optimal, investment strategies that best satisfy Basel III regulatory requirements.

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Strategically Improving Banking LMIS

Maturity Matched (advanced) Single/Multiple Pooled (basic)

IncorporatingLTP

Incorporating LTP and

Basel III Ratios (NSFR,

LCR, and Leverage Ratios)

Incorporating Liquidity Optimisation Modelling Software

Ratio FTP

NSFR FTP

Liquidity FTP

FTP

Modelled FTP

IncorporatingNSFR

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THE END

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References: (1)

• Accenture (2011). Basel III and Its Consequences: Confronting a New Regulatory Environment. Accenture Management Consulting, by Michael Auer, (Executive Principal, Accenture Risk Management, Munich), Georg von Pfoestl (Manager, Accenture Risk Management, Vienna), and Jacek Kochanowicz (Manager, Accenture Risk Management, Frankfurt).

• Axiom EPM (2012). Extracting More Value from Funds Transfer Pricing. (April). White Paper.

• BCBS (2010). Results of the comprehensive quantitative impact study. (December). Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.

• BCBS (2013). Basel III: The Liquidity Coverage Ratio and liquidity risk monitoring tools. (January). Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.

• BCBS (2014). Basel III: The Net Stable Funding Ratio. (January). Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.

• Becker, L. (2014). Repo desks up in arms about NSFR. (7 April), Risk magazine.

• CEBS (2010). Results of the comprehensive quantitative impact study. (16 December). Committee of European Banking Supervisors.

• Devasabai, K. (2014). Hedge funds face higher prime broker charges under Basel III. (18 June). Risk Magazine.

• Farooqui, S. (2011). Development of Simulation based Model to quantify the degree of Bank’s Liquidity Risk. 2011 ERM Symposium (14-16 March), Swissôtel Chicago, Chicago, IL.

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References: (2)

• Felder, R. and Mahlknecht, M. (2013). Basel III: Solving the Liquidity Business Challenge. (April). Capco Journal 37: Cass-Capco Institute Paper Series on Risk, pp.76-94.

• FSI (2011). Liquidity transfer pricing: a guide to better practice (Occasional Paper No 10). (December). Financial Stability institute, Bank for International Settlements, by JoelGrant (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority).

• IMF (2013). Changes in Bank Funding Patterns and Financial Stability Risks, In Global Financial Stability Report: Transition Challenges to Stability, pp.105-148. (October), International Monetary Fund.

• IMF (2014). The Net Stable Funding Ratio: Impact and Issues for Consideration. IMF Working Paper, (WP/14/106) by Jeanne Gobat, Mamoru Yanase, and Joseph Maloney (This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF).

• King, M.R. (2013). The Basel III Net Stable Funding Ratio and bank net interest margins. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, pp.4144-4156.

• Kratky, A. (2012). Incorporating Liquidity Risk into Funds Transfer Pricing: Progress and Challenges. Commerzbank (Group Treasury – Liquidity Analytics), presentation for the Professional Risk Managers’ International Association.

• Leon, C. (2012). Estimating the intraday liquidity risk of financial institutions: a Monte Carlo simulation approach. (27 September 2012), Journal of Financial Market Infrastructures.

• Linklaters (2011). Basel III and project finance. (July), Briefing by Matthew Worth and Edward Chan, as published in Project Finance International, 29 June 2011, Issue 460.

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References: (3)• Matz, L. (2011). Liquidity Risk Measurement and Management. Xlibris Corporation.

• McKinsey (2010). Basel III and European banking: Its impact, how banks might respond, and the challenges of implementation. (November), McKinsey Working Papers on Risk, Number 26, McKinsey & Company, by Philipp Härle, Erik Lüders, Theo Pepanides, Sonja Pfetsch, Thomas Poppensieker, and Uwe Stegemann.

• Moody’s Analytics (2011). Implementing High Value Funds Transfer Pricing Systems. (September) Modeling Methodology by Robert J. Wyle, CFA and Yaakov Tsaig, Ph.D.

• Moody’s Analytics (2013). Liquidity Risk Management is a Game Changer. (December) Research /Whitepaper by Cayetano Gea-Carrasco (Stress Testing, Balance Sheet Management, and Liquidity Practice Leader) and David Little (Managing Director, Head of the US Enterprise Risk Solutions and Sales Team).

• Oracle Financial Services (2011). Oracle Financial Services Liquidity Risk Management. Oracle Data Sheet.

• Pokutta, S. and Schmaltz, C. (2012). Optimal Bank Planning Under Basel III Regulations. Capco Journal of Financial Transformation, Journal 34, pp.165-174.

• PwC (2014). Stretched to the limit: Dealing with the implications of the NSFR (Basel III breakfast briefing series). PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.

• SSG (2009). Risk Management Lessons from the Global Banking Crisis of 2008. (21 October). Senior Supervisors Group.

• Taylor, S. (2011). Unlocking Liquidity Premiums. (April) Novantas Review, pp.1-4.

• Watt, M. (2012). Basel III blamed for aircraft financing drought. (9 May), Risk magazine.

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Presentation InformationDECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTSThe author declares that to the best of his knowledge he has no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research or authorship of this presentation.

ABOUT THE PRESENTER Rodrigo Zepeda is an independent consultant who specialises in derivatives and financial services law, regulation, and compliance. He holds a LLM Masters degree in International and Comparative Business Law, has been an Associate of the Chartered Institute for Securities and Investment since 2004, and has passed the New York Bar Examination. He has also published widely in leading industry journals such as the Capco Institute’s Journal of Financial Transformation, the Journal of International Banking Law and Regulation, as well as e-books on derivatives law. Noted publications include “Optimizing Risk Allocation for CCPs under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation”; “The ISDA Master Agreement 2012: A Missed Opportunity”; “The ISDA Master Agreement: The Derivatives Risk Management Tool of the 21st Century?”; and “To EU, or not to EU: that is the AIFMD question”.

CONTACT DETAILS Email: rodrigo@zepeda.co.ukLinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/rodrigozepedaMobile: UK + (0)7592457373

NSFR LIQUIDITY FRAMEWORK:

Theoretical Implementation Requirements IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS TO ADAPT TO NEW NSFR LIQUIDITY PARAMETERS

WORKSHOP

4 th AnnualPractical Funds Transfer Pricing and Balance Sheet Management Forum17 th September 2014, London, UK

Rodrigo ZepedaIndependent Consultant