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Statistics in India
1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
100
200
300
400
500
229,660
443,000263,480
469,000
Male Female
(in
th
ou
sa
nd
s)
Indian ScenarioCANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12% OF ALL DEATHS
IN INDIA 1.5 – 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCER CASES AT ANY POINT OF TIME
EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES ARE DETECTED IN INDIA
EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIE IN OUR COUNTRY
Cancer Stigma Lance Armstrong Foundation conducted a survey on cancer stigma
in 2008 Japan, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, South
Africa About 500 people polled in each country
Survey showed that Stigma continues to persist across countries, cultures and communities Caused by misinformation, lack of awareness, deeply engrained cultural
myths and fear Opportunities to capitalise on shifting perceptions Mass media are key resources for facilitating more positive attitudes
SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS
THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE IN THE BODY
SORE THROAT NOT HEALING
UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE
INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WART OR MOLE
NAGGING COUGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE
CHANGE IN BLADDER & BOWEL HABITS
What do I need to know?
Who gets breast cancer?
Anyone can get breast cancer. For example, did you know…
• The older a woman is, the more likely she is to get breast cancer.
• Although it is rare, young women in their 20s and 30s can and do get breast cancer.
• In India incidence is rising .It is the second most common cancer affecting females in India and the most common cancer in women in urban cities.
What do I need to know?
Can I prevent breast cancer?Because no one knows exactly what causes it, there are no SURE
ways to prevent breast cancer. However, the following may help to reduce your risk:
•Maintaining a healthy weight , regular exercise,& a nutritious diet
•Breastfeeding
• Limiting our exposure to estrogen, alcohol, and
smoke
Mammogram
A mammogram is a machine which uses X rays to detect lesions of the breast
Can detect small lesions before they can be felt.
PREVENTIONMost easily preventable cancer
Long latent period
Cervix is accessible
Methods
1. PAP Smear
2. HPV testing
3. HPV vaccination
HPV testSame procedure like pap smear but the test
detects the presence of high risk HPV virus .
Can be combined with pap smear in women 30 years and above
If negative patient needs to return for screening only after 5 years.
Costs 2000Rs.(pap smear for 5 years will be more costly)
HPV vaccine CERVARIX GARADSIL -Two vaccines are available
in India which are licensed globally.
The vaccines are prophylactic ie,they offer protection only in those who are not exposed to the virus or before the initiation of sexual activity.
The Indian Academy of Pediatrics recommends vaccination to girls in the age group of 9-12 years. Catchup vaccination is permitted upto the age of 26 years .
Uterine or Endometrial cancer
SYMPTOMS
1. vaginal bleeding after menopause
2. Irregular vaginal bleeding before menopause
3. Unusual vaginal discharge
4. Change in bowel or bladder habits
OVARIAN CANCER Symptoms
1. Bloating of abdomen
2. Abdominal pain
3. Back pain
4. Feeling of fullness
5. Increased bladder and/or bowel motions
No known preventive tests described
Annual checkup and pelvic exam
CA 125 is elevated in ovarian cancer but is not specific.
Not recommended for routine screening
LUNG CANCERSmoking is a major cause. Can be seen in non
smokers also
Early detection very difficult as it does not produce any symptoms in the early stage
Usually presents as continuous cough >3 -6 weeks, blood in sputum, chest pain, sudden onset of breathlessness, or change in voice.
Chewing pan and betel nut are risk factors
Easily accessible site for early detection
Patients can do self examination of oral cavity
Colorectal cancer Warning signs
BLOOD IN STOOL
FEELING OF BEING BLOATED
CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS
CONSTIPATION
Colon cancer
Annual fecal occult blood test
Colonoscopy is recommended after the age of 50 once in 10 years
Diet rich in fruits and vegetables,roughage and fibre
Prostate cancer Cancer of prostate gland.
Symptoms –increased urinary frequency,some present with total obstruction of urine flow,pain on passing urine,
PSA test after the age of 50.
Digital rectal examination
ChemotherapyMedicines used to kill cancer cells
Oral, intravenous
Disadvantage – damages healthy cells also