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Nanocellulose: An Overview on Its Production,
Properties and Potential Applications
L. M. College of Pharmacy. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
RESEARCH STUDENT
Mehta Roshni Rajendra
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Dept. of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
Gujarat Technological University
Email id:[email protected]
RESEARCH GUIDE
Dr. (Mrs.) Yamini Dushyant Shah
M. Pharm., Ph.D.(Associate Professor)
Dept. of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
Email id:[email protected]
1
Natural (Lignocellulosic) Fibers
Structure of the cell wall
Cellulose Structural material that confers its mechanicalproperties to higher plant cells
2
Examples Of Raw Materials From Which Cellulose Is Obtained
3
Nanocellulose
Cellulose Nano objects
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Cellulose Nanofibrils
Cellulose Nano structured Materials
Cellulose Microfibrils
Cellulose Nano
Composites
Nanocellulose Materials
4
Incentives For Manufacturing Industry
New source of raw materials with wide largely, unexplored range of application
New products
New business opportunities
Security of supply
Sustainable and renewable sources
Availability and price stability
Source of green materials
Reduced carbon foot print
Recyclable and Reusable
Compostable
Market Drivers
Green is the real value proposition for switching to nano crystalline cellulose-based
products composites must have bio-derived matrix polymers to be green5
6
Rheological
Modifiers
6%
Filtration
10%
Medicine
11%
Coatings
5%
Paper and Board
20%
Electronics
8%
Composites
36%
Aerogels
4%
2016
Potential Use of Nanocellulose
Source: Nanocellulose market study, Future Markets Inc, 2012.
Rheological
modifiers
5%
Filtration
8%
Medicine
6%
Coating
7%
Paper and board
21%
Electronics
4%
Composites
46%
Aerogels
3%2011
Towards Industrialization
7
Industry Country production processes Scale of process
Booregaard Norway 350 Kg/day Enzymatic MFC Pilot Plant
Stora Enso Ltd. Sweden n.a. Enzymatic MFC Pre-commercial
plant
Nippon Paper Japan n.a. Tempo treated MFC Pilot scale for tempo
treatment
BASF/Zelpho Germany n.a. n.a. Project launch in
2013
CelluComp UK n.a. NanoCellulose fibres from
root vegetables (e.g. carrots)
Start-up
Innventia* Sweden 100 Kg/day Enzymatic & Microfluidizer Pilot Plant / R&D
purpose only
FCBA/CTP* France 70 Kg/day Enzymatic & Microfluidizer Pilot Plant / R&D
purpose only
Univ Maine* USA 300 Kg/day Larger MFC Pilot Plant
EMPA* Swiss 15 kg/day Enzymatic & Microfluidizer Lab scale
VTT* Finland 15 kg/day Enzymatic pretreated with
Masuko grinder
Lab scale
Research
University
world < 0.05
Kg/day
(per lab)
Several possibilities Lab scale
Towards Industrialization
NC Manufacture Process
Milling
Steam Explosion
Ammonia Fiber
Explosion
CO2
Explosion
Alkaline
hydrolysis
Acid
hydrolysisOzonolysis
Organosolv.
TEMPO Oxidation
Enzymatic
treatment
Ionic Liquids
8
Corn Husk
Alkali Treatment
Bleaching
Acid Treatment
Bleaching
Purification (Centrifugation, Dialysis)
Sonication
Nanocellulose
Acid Alkali Hydrolysis of Cellulose
9
Acid
Hydrolysis
Alkali
Hydrolysis
Cellulose Nano fibrils
Cellulose Nano fibrils
Production of Nanocellulose
10
Cellulose Microfibrils
Mechanical process: Aqueous suspensions
11
Nano Cellulose (NC)
Details of the z-shaped interaction chamber of the microfluidizer (Microfluidics Inc., USA)
Ultra-fine friction grinder[http://www.masuko.com/English/product/Masscolloder.html]
12
NC Properties
Natural Sustainable nanomaterials
Green disposal/recycle at end of life
Biodegradable & biocompatible
Reduction in weight
Cost versus current material
High aspect ratios & high surface area
High strength & modulus
High thermal stability
Light weight
High water binding capability
Opportunities for chemical modification (surface OH)
13
14
NC Applications
Electronics Sensors Construction Filtration
Implants
Packaging
CompositesHydrogel
Paints & Coatings
Paper & Pulp
15
Characterization
FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY
Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE Jr, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using
the x-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29:786–794
Nano Cellulose-Avicel pH101
Nanocellulose- Corn husk
Nelson ML, O'Connor RT (1964) Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type II. A new infrared ratio for
estimation of crystallinity in cellulose I and II. J ApplPolymSci 8:1325–1341 16
Nanocellulose- Corn husk
XRD
Nano Cellulose-Avicel pH101
Crystallinity Index (%) : 81.83
Crystallinity Index (%) : 86.55
17
DSC
Sain M, Panthapulakkal S (2006) Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibres and their characterisation. Ind Crops Products 23:1–8
Nano Cellulose-Avicel pH101
Nanocellulose- Corn husk
Particle Size Analysis
18
19
Particle Size Analysis Stability Data
Conclusions
Our research product shall be utilized further in making new drug delivery
systems, co-processed excipients, composite materials and parenteral dosage
forms after performing stability studies
Growing interest in both the non-food usage of renewable resources and
nanosized particles
Polysaccharides : low cost materials, abundance, renewability,
Preparation of nanoparticles with different morphologies and aspect ratios
Nanosized particles : mechanical properties (strength, modulus,
dimensional stability), decreased permeability to gases and water,
Thermal stability
Melt processing of nanocellulose based nanocomposites is challenging
20
21