Claw affections in Claw affections in cattlecattle

ByBy

Dr. Awad RizkDr. Awad Rizk

Introduction Introduction

The incidence of lameness in high producing dairy cows varies The incidence of lameness in high producing dairy cows varies

between 15 and 40%. between 15 and 40%.

Lameness is beside infertility and mastitis the most common Lameness is beside infertility and mastitis the most common

cause for involuntary culling. cause for involuntary culling.

90% of limb affections in cattle results from claw disorders. 90% of limb affections in cattle results from claw disorders.

The next common seat of lameness is the stifle joint .The next common seat of lameness is the stifle joint .

The claw health disorders lead to traumatisation of tissue The claw health disorders lead to traumatisation of tissue

which is perceived by the affected animal as pain.which is perceived by the affected animal as pain.

The pain experience of lame dairy cows results in decreased The pain experience of lame dairy cows results in decreased

productivity such as feed intake, fertility and milk yield as productivity such as feed intake, fertility and milk yield as

well as it may change animal behaviour.well as it may change animal behaviour.

Anatomy of the bovine footAnatomy of the bovine foot

Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are cloven-footed animals,

meaning that the hoof consists of two digits, instead of one

solid entity like that of a horse

The claws are named by their relative location on the foot.

There is the outer, or lateral claw, and the inner, or medial

claw.

In cattle, the lateral claw is slightly larger in the back feet,

while the medial claw is the larger claw in the front feet.

bovine hooves grow about 1/5 to ¼ of an inch per month

and horse’s hooves grown in general ¼ to 3/8 of an inch per

month.

Anatomy of the bovine footAnatomy of the bovine foot The bovine foot has two main and two accessory The bovine foot has two main and two accessory

claws.claws. The two main claws do not appear dissimilar from The two main claws do not appear dissimilar from

the horsethe horse’’s single hoof. s single hoof. The space between the two digits is termed as the The space between the two digits is termed as the

interdigital space. interdigital space. The part of each digit next to the space i.e. The part of each digit next to the space i.e.

nearer to the longitudinal axis of the limb is called nearer to the longitudinal axis of the limb is called the axial surfacesthe axial surfaces while the part further away is while the part further away is termed termed abaxial surfaceabaxial surface..

The bearing surface of the claw has thick The bearing surface of the claw has thick prominent bulb but prominent bulb but neither frog nor barsneither frog nor bars. .

The accessory clawsThe accessory claws project from the back of the project from the back of the fetlock joint and are fetlock joint and are non-functionalnon-functional..

Underneath the hoof is a slightly softer region, called the sole.

The tissue that makes up the sole is produced by the

corium of the sole, and is suppler than the horn of the hoof wall.

The point where the hoof wall is bound to the sole is called the white line.

The white line is a somewhat flexible junction between the sole and wall, allowing the hoof to be more flexible as the animal moves.

The front region of the sole is called the toe, and the two bulbs at the opposite end of the foot are referred to as the heel bulbs.

ANATOMY OF THE FOOTCLAW BONES AND TENDONS

Coronary Band

Wall

Bulb

CROSS SECTION OF CLAW

Anatomy of the camel foot.Anatomy of the camel foot. The camel foot consists of two functional and fully The camel foot consists of two functional and fully

developed digits- developed digits- the dew claws or non functional the dew claws or non functional

digits are absent.digits are absent.

Each functional digit consists of three phalanges and Each functional digit consists of three phalanges and

two proximal sesamoid bones.two proximal sesamoid bones.

The distal sesamoid or navicular bone is either The distal sesamoid or navicular bone is either

absent or cartilaginous in natureabsent or cartilaginous in nature. .

The phalanges of the hind limb are shorter and less The phalanges of the hind limb are shorter and less

massive than those of the forelimb. massive than those of the forelimb.

General consideration of the factor predisposing General consideration of the factor predisposing

to lameness. to lameness.

The environmental condition The environmental condition surrounding the animals surrounding the animals

appeared to influence greatly the incidence of claw affections appeared to influence greatly the incidence of claw affections

BreedBreed had a significant effect, had a significant effect, with Friesians and short with Friesians and short horns horns

being more prone to lameness than being more prone to lameness than light breeds, such as light breeds, such as

Ayrshir and jersey.Ayrshir and jersey.

Buffaloes are more resistant to claw affection Buffaloes are more resistant to claw affection than than Friesians Friesians

under the same environmental and nutritional conditions. under the same environmental and nutritional conditions.

In most dairy cow lameness survey revealed the In most dairy cow lameness survey revealed the following:following:

88% of lesion located in the foot and 12% in the leg. 88% of lesion located in the foot and 12% in the leg. Of foot lesions Of foot lesions 24% were in the front feet24% were in the front feet and and 76% in the 76% in the

hindhind.. the hind outer clawthe hind outer claw being affected being affected two and a half timestwo and a half times

more than the inner claw.more than the inner claw. The predisposition of lesion towards The predisposition of lesion towards hind feethind feet may have may have

been partly due to the wet and dirty environment to which been partly due to the wet and dirty environment to which animals were subjected in standing and cubicles beside animals were subjected in standing and cubicles beside stress of pregnancy stress of pregnancy and and parturition and enlargement of the parturition and enlargement of the udderudder. .

Most foot and leg lesions occurred during Most foot and leg lesions occurred during the 50 daysthe 50 days following calving because of pelvic nerve damage associated following calving because of pelvic nerve damage associated with calving.with calving.

Young cows were relatively immune to foot problems , with Young cows were relatively immune to foot problems , with the exceptions of interdigital necrobacillosis and laminitis.the exceptions of interdigital necrobacillosis and laminitis.

cows aged cows aged six to eight yearssix to eight years were most susceptible to both were most susceptible to both foot and leg lameness. foot and leg lameness.

IncidenceIncidence

95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds

90% of cases involve the digits90% of cases involve the digits

80% of digital lameness is located in the hind limbs80% of digital lameness is located in the hind limbs

50% of digital lameness involves the horny tissue 50% of digital lameness involves the horny tissue

and 50% the skin, mostly and 50% the skin, mostly digital dermatitisdigital dermatitis

70% of the horny lesions involve 70% of the horny lesions involve the outer clawthe outer claw

Interdigital NecrobacillosisInterdigital Necrobacillosis

SynonymsSynonyms:: phlegmona interdigitalis, phlegmona interdigitalis, ‘‘foul-in-the-footfoul-in-the-foot’’, ,

‘‘clit illclit ill’’, , ‘‘foot rotfoot rot’’, interdigital pododermatitis. A , interdigital pododermatitis. A

peracute form, colloquially peracute form, colloquially ‘‘superfoulsuperfoul’’

DefinitionDefinition:: acute inflammation of subcutaneous acute inflammation of subcutaneous

tissues of interdigital space and adjacent coronary tissues of interdigital space and adjacent coronary

band, spreading to dermis and epidermis.band, spreading to dermis and epidermis.

EtiologyEtiology::

interdigital microtrauma and infection with interdigital microtrauma and infection with

Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides

melaninogenicus melaninogenicus and other organisms.and other organisms.

SignsSigns

mild to severe lameness (LS 1mild to severe lameness (LS 1––3) 3) of sudden onset, all agesof sudden onset, all ages

An acute lameness with An acute lameness with swelling and erythema of the soft swelling and erythema of the soft

tissues of the interdigital spacetissues of the interdigital space and the adjacent coronary and the adjacent coronary

band are the first signs.band are the first signs.

The claws typically are markedly separated The claws typically are markedly separated due to the due to the

swelling .swelling .

Depression and pyrexia along with rapid pluse and Depression and pyrexia along with rapid pluse and

respiration follow , with greater intensity in young animalsrespiration follow , with greater intensity in young animals

The animal tries to avoid contact with the ground if the The animal tries to avoid contact with the ground if the

digital region digital region

The animal is The animal is reluctant to walk reluctant to walk and prefers to lie down and and prefers to lie down and

milk yield decline with general depression.milk yield decline with general depression.

On close examination of the swollen interdigital space, the On close examination of the swollen interdigital space, the

skin appears skin appears discolored (darkens) and later become discolored (darkens) and later become

fissured and necrotic exuding typical foul odour and finally fissured and necrotic exuding typical foul odour and finally

the necrotic skin sloughs producing an open wound.the necrotic skin sloughs producing an open wound.

Advanced cases can develop Advanced cases can develop septic arthritis and other septic arthritis and other

deeper complications.deeper complications.

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis::

interdigital foreign body, acute laminitis, solear interdigital foreign body, acute laminitis, solear

penetration by foreign body, severe interdigital dermatitis, penetration by foreign body, severe interdigital dermatitis,

interdigital changes from BVD/MD, FMD, distal interdigital changes from BVD/MD, FMD, distal

interphalangeal septic arthritis, distal phalangeal fracture.interphalangeal septic arthritis, distal phalangeal fracture.

TreatmentTreatment ceftiofur, ampicillin, LA oxytetracycline, penicillin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, LA oxytetracycline, penicillin,

sulphonamides (e.g.trimethoprim-sulpha) sulphonamides (e.g.trimethoprim-sulpha) systemicallysystemically

clean affected necrotic area with clean affected necrotic area with disinfectantdisinfectant and and apply a apply a topical oxytetracycline or copper sulphatetopical oxytetracycline or copper sulphate, , or BIPP paste (bismuth subnitrate, iodoform and or BIPP paste (bismuth subnitrate, iodoform and petrolatum)petrolatum)

do not bandagedo not bandage, but put on to dry floor or straw , but put on to dry floor or straw bedding, preferably isolated to avoid spread of bedding, preferably isolated to avoid spread of infectioninfection

daily cleansing with disinfectant if feasibledaily cleansing with disinfectant if feasible ‘‘superfoulsuperfoul’’: early cases respond well to 6 g : early cases respond well to 6 g

oxytetracycline, more advanced cases to oxytetracycline, more advanced cases to tylosintylosin, , careful local debridement careful local debridement under analgesia (IVRA)under analgesia (IVRA) and local antibiotic dressing. and local antibiotic dressing.

Isolation is important.Isolation is important.

ProphylaxisProphylaxis check and improve drainage in areas where check and improve drainage in areas where

interdigital trauma can arise (e.g. gateways, tracks, interdigital trauma can arise (e.g. gateways, tracks, stubble)stubble)

improve dry conditions underfoot (straw yard) and improve dry conditions underfoot (straw yard) and increase frequency of scraper removal of slurry increase frequency of scraper removal of slurry from passagewaysfrom passageways

footbaths of footbaths of zinc sulphate (5zinc sulphate (5––10%)10%) copper sulphate copper sulphate (5%) or formalin (4%)(5%) or formalin (4%)

antibacterial feed additive: sulphabromomethazine antibacterial feed additive: sulphabromomethazine in feedlot outbreak, or ethylenediamine in feedlot outbreak, or ethylenediamine dihydroiodide for prophylaxis.dihydroiodide for prophylaxis.

spread quicklime in muddy tracks or around water spread quicklime in muddy tracks or around water troughstroughs

Interdigital hyperplasiaInterdigital hyperplasia

SynonymsSynonyms:: hyperplasia interdigitalishyperplasia interdigitalis, corn, interdigital granuloma, , corn, interdigital granuloma,

interdigital vegetative dermatitis, fibroma, interdigital vegetative dermatitis, fibroma, ‘‘wartwart’’..

DefinitionDefinition:: proliferative reaction of interdigital skin and/or subcutaneous proliferative reaction of interdigital skin and/or subcutaneous

tissues to form a firm mass.tissues to form a firm mass.

IncidenceIncidence:: usually sporadic, common in certain beef breeds (e.g. usually sporadic, common in certain beef breeds (e.g.

Hereford) and in bulls at AI centres. Hereford) and in bulls at AI centres.

Occasionally follows severe interdigital disease in dairy cows, then is Occasionally follows severe interdigital disease in dairy cows, then is

unilateral. May start in yearling bulls, but most clinical cases (with unilateral. May start in yearling bulls, but most clinical cases (with

lameness) are in adults of lameness) are in adults of four to six yearsfour to six years..

PredispositionPredisposition:: inherited in some breeds (e.g. Hereford, Holstein inherited in some breeds (e.g. Hereford, Holstein

Friesian).Friesian).

Severe interdigital dermatitis or sole ulcer often precedes involvement Severe interdigital dermatitis or sole ulcer often precedes involvement

of single limb. of single limb.

Frequently associated with poor conformation e.g. splayed toesFrequently associated with poor conformation e.g. splayed toes

with wide interdigital space.with wide interdigital space.

SignsSigns

slight or no lameness slight or no lameness (LS 0(LS 0––1) depending on size and 1) depending on size and

mechanical interference in simple casemechanical interference in simple case

large lesions develop superficial digital traumatic large lesions develop superficial digital traumatic

ulcerationulceration, and contact interdigital axial skin may , and contact interdigital axial skin may

undergo pressure necrosisundergo pressure necrosis

both forms readily become secondarily infected with both forms readily become secondarily infected with

Fusobacterium necrophorumFusobacterium necrophorum

single abaxial hindlimb involvement suggests secondary single abaxial hindlimb involvement suggests secondary

response to recognized previous insult involving response to recognized previous insult involving

interdigital swelling and sometimes sole ulcerinterdigital swelling and sometimes sole ulcer

TreatmentTreatment

none if small and asymptomaticnone if small and asymptomatic

local caustic (e.g. silver nitrate, copper sulphatelocal caustic (e.g. silver nitrate, copper sulphate) if ) if

small and causing lamenesssmall and causing lameness

most clinical cases require resection by most clinical cases require resection by knife surgery knife surgery

electrocautery or cryosurgeryelectrocautery or cryosurgery: ideally in Wopa crush : ideally in Wopa crush

under IVRA under IVRA , bandage after applying , bandage after applying sulphadimidine sulphadimidine

powderpowder. . Remove bandage after one weekRemove bandage after one week..

If the fibroma If the fibroma is a part of a significant painful process is a part of a significant painful process

in a cowin a cow, then surgical removal is indicated. , then surgical removal is indicated.

Sharp dissection of the skin around the base of the Sharp dissection of the skin around the base of the

fibroma follows normal surgical site preparation.fibroma follows normal surgical site preparation.

It is considered important for prompt healing to remove It is considered important for prompt healing to remove

the interdigital fat and the protruding fibromathe interdigital fat and the protruding fibroma. .

Care must be taken to prevent surgical injury to the Care must be taken to prevent surgical injury to the

distal interphalangeal joint capsule and the cruciate distal interphalangeal joint capsule and the cruciate

ligaments when removing the fat.ligaments when removing the fat.

Some antibiotic powder may be placed in the wound, Some antibiotic powder may be placed in the wound,

but no dressings or packings should be used before but no dressings or packings should be used before

bandaging the foot to prevent splaying of the toes. bandaging the foot to prevent splaying of the toes.

The bandage may be removed in a few days because The bandage may be removed in a few days because

granulation tissue will fill the defect.granulation tissue will fill the defect.

Interdigital dermatitis (scald or stable foot Interdigital dermatitis (scald or stable foot rot) rot)

Dermatitis interdigitalis is an inflammation of the Dermatitis interdigitalis is an inflammation of the

interdigital epidermis without any interdigital epidermis without any swelling , pyrexia swelling , pyrexia

anorexia or lameness or involvement of the deeper and anorexia or lameness or involvement of the deeper and

surrounding structuressurrounding structures. .

Etiology:Etiology:

The common predisposing factors are wet climatic The common predisposing factors are wet climatic

condition and a moist environment under the feet causing condition and a moist environment under the feet causing

mild irritation in the interdigital space. mild irritation in the interdigital space.

Bacteroides nodosus is the most freguently isolated Bacteroides nodosus is the most freguently isolated

infecious agent. infecious agent.

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

The lesion starts as The lesion starts as a reddening of the interdigital skin a reddening of the interdigital skin in in

the dorsal or palmar/ planter areas. This is followed by the dorsal or palmar/ planter areas. This is followed by

hyperkeratosis and slight exudation and finally separation hyperkeratosis and slight exudation and finally separation

of the perioplic band of the perioplic band occur causing mild lameness and occur causing mild lameness and

widening of the interdigital space during animal stance. widening of the interdigital space during animal stance.

The affected animal paddles with its hind feet. The affected animal paddles with its hind feet.

In advanced cases odorless discharge accumulate with In advanced cases odorless discharge accumulate with

crusts on the dorsal commissars of the interdigital space. crusts on the dorsal commissars of the interdigital space.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Interdigital dermatitis is diagnosed after cleansing , by the Interdigital dermatitis is diagnosed after cleansing , by the

characteristic characteristic superficial lesions of the interdigital superficial lesions of the interdigital

epidermisepidermis..

Treatment Treatment

Interdigital dermatitis should be treated topically. Interdigital dermatitis should be treated topically.

The lesions should be cleaned , deeply scrapped by a The lesions should be cleaned , deeply scrapped by a

clean dry swap and a topical bacteriostatic agent clean dry swap and a topical bacteriostatic agent

applied such as a 50% mixture of sulfamezathine applied such as a 50% mixture of sulfamezathine

powder and anhydrous copper sulfate. powder and anhydrous copper sulfate.

1-1- Foot bathing is usually recommended to keep Foot bathing is usually recommended to keep

the infection under control .the infection under control .

2- 2- Systemic tratment with antibiotics has little Systemic tratment with antibiotics has little

effect except in sever cases. effect except in sever cases.

3- 3- Skin lesions usually regress spontaneously if Skin lesions usually regress spontaneously if

environment is improved .environment is improved .

Control :Control :

Good management and housing system to Good management and housing system to

keep claws dry and clean are most keep claws dry and clean are most

important. important.

Regular foot trimming help to avoid Regular foot trimming help to avoid

complications. complications.

Foot bathing. Foot bathing.

Digital dermatitis (Mortellaro, or Heel Digital dermatitis (Mortellaro, or Heel Wart)Wart)

hairy heel warts, strawberry foot, verrucous dermatitis, hairy heel warts, strawberry foot, verrucous dermatitis,

digital warts, interdigital papillomatosis, and probably digital warts, interdigital papillomatosis, and probably

most correctly digital dermatitis (or popular digital most correctly digital dermatitis (or popular digital

dermatitis).dermatitis).

Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious superficial Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious superficial

inflammation of the epidermis proximal to the coronal margin. inflammation of the epidermis proximal to the coronal margin.

Two types of lesions have been reportedTwo types of lesions have been reported : :

One is One is a circumscribed erosive/ reactive conditiona circumscribed erosive/ reactive condition and the other and the other

is is a proliferative wart like lesiona proliferative wart like lesion. .

Both forms cause various degree of discomfort and may lead to Both forms cause various degree of discomfort and may lead to

severe lameness. severe lameness.

Incidence :Incidence :

When a herd becomes affected, the disease can rapidly When a herd becomes affected, the disease can rapidly

spread within the herd and the morbidity may reach 90%spread within the herd and the morbidity may reach 90%

Animal of all ages and bread are susceptible. Animal of all ages and bread are susceptible.

Etiology :Etiology :

The cause is unclear The cause is unclear

The most reasonable explanation is that this is The most reasonable explanation is that this is a a

multifactor disease multifactor disease in which in which spirochetes together with spirochetes together with

other bacteria (Bacteroides nodsusother bacteria (Bacteroides nodsus) or virus.) or virus.

Moist condition are thought to be the main predisposing Moist condition are thought to be the main predisposing

cause. cause. appearance and location of lesion as well as its appearance and location of lesion as well as its

transmission to other cattle differentiate it from foot transmission to other cattle differentiate it from foot rotrot

Clinical Features :Clinical Features :

A circular lesion 1 to 4 cm in diameter is generally A circular lesion 1 to 4 cm in diameter is generally

seen in seen in the plantar (or palmar) skin adjacent to the plantar (or palmar) skin adjacent to

the heelthe heel or , less commonly in the proximal part of or , less commonly in the proximal part of

the interdigital space. the interdigital space.

In the mild form of DDIn the mild form of DD , the skin is hyperemic , the skin is hyperemic

producing a serous exudates, in early stages, the hairs producing a serous exudates, in early stages, the hairs

of the diseased areas are usually erect, and they later of the diseased areas are usually erect, and they later

disappear.disappear.

Mild to sever degree of lamenessMild to sever degree of lameness may be observed may be observed

depending on the severity of the lesions. depending on the severity of the lesions.

In the erosive formIn the erosive form the skin is covered with a purulent, the skin is covered with a purulent,

pungent - Smelling exudates. Cleansing exposes reddish pungent - Smelling exudates. Cleansing exposes reddish

granulation tissue. The lesion is very sensitive and easily granulation tissue. The lesion is very sensitive and easily

bleeds but the soft tissue is not swollen. bleeds but the soft tissue is not swollen.

The proliferative typeThe proliferative type may give rise to the papillomatous may give rise to the papillomatous

type which is characterized by a mass of hard, fine type which is characterized by a mass of hard, fine

tendrils that can be several centimeters in length and tendrils that can be several centimeters in length and

cover a considerable area. cover a considerable area.

Diagnosis :Diagnosis :

The diagnosis of DD is often based on a history of an The diagnosis of DD is often based on a history of an

epidemic onset of discomfort and lameness in a herd. Also epidemic onset of discomfort and lameness in a herd. Also

the the characteristic lesions at the specific site are itself characteristic lesions at the specific site are itself

diagnostic.diagnostic.

DD/PDDDD/PDD

papillomatous digital dermatitis (PPD) and digital papillomatous digital dermatitis (PPD) and digital

dermatitis (DD) are thought to be different stages of dermatitis (DD) are thought to be different stages of

the same disease process.the same disease process.

with PPD being the more chronic form with the with PPD being the more chronic form with the

development of papilloma-like structures usually on the development of papilloma-like structures usually on the

plantar surface of the hind foot just proximal to the plantar surface of the hind foot just proximal to the

heel bulbs.heel bulbs.

characterized by epidermal proliferation that after characterized by epidermal proliferation that after

several weeks produces the “hairy warts” or several weeks produces the “hairy warts” or

papillomatous lesionspapillomatous lesions

Treatment Treatment

Lesion affected individual animals should be treated topically. If Lesion affected individual animals should be treated topically. If

necessary claw should be trimmed to a normal shape. Deep necessary claw should be trimmed to a normal shape. Deep

scrapping of the lesion, local application of antiseptics or scrapping of the lesion, local application of antiseptics or

oxytetracycline, gentian violet aerosol and provision of dry oxytetracycline, gentian violet aerosol and provision of dry

environment are most effective. environment are most effective.

Herd outbreaks are best treated with a footbath.Herd outbreaks are best treated with a footbath.

DD can be successfully controlled by a single passage through a DD can be successfully controlled by a single passage through a

footbath containing 5 to 6 grams/liter of oxytetracyclinefootbath containing 5 to 6 grams/liter of oxytetracycline; for ; for

optimum effect the heel of the cows should washed thoroughly optimum effect the heel of the cows should washed thoroughly

before they enter the footbath. before they enter the footbath.

Repeated treatments may be needed after 4 to 6 weeks. Repeated treatments may be needed after 4 to 6 weeks.

In general, parenteral antibiotics have not shown In general, parenteral antibiotics have not shown

any effect on either erosive or proliferative type any effect on either erosive or proliferative type

of DD. of DD.

For chronic lesions For chronic lesions the only effective treatment the only effective treatment

is complete resection of the proliferation under is complete resection of the proliferation under

regional anesthesia. regional anesthesia.

A topical antiseptic dressing and a compression A topical antiseptic dressing and a compression

bandage should applied for several days after bandage should applied for several days after

surgery. surgery.

Pododermatitis circumscripta Pododermatitis circumscripta

(Sole ulcer, Rusterholz Ulcer)(Sole ulcer, Rusterholz Ulcer)

Definition :Definition :

A sole ulcer A sole ulcer is a is a specific circumscribed lesion specific circumscribed lesion located in located in

the region of the region of sole or heel- sole junction sole or heel- sole junction , usually , usually near the near the

axial than abaxial margin axial than abaxial margin of the of the hind outer clawhind outer claw. .

Ulceration of the sole may occur in any digit but is most Ulceration of the sole may occur in any digit but is most

common in the lateral claws of the rear feet and the medial common in the lateral claws of the rear feet and the medial

claws of the forelimbs. claws of the forelimbs.

Symmetrical ulcers occur in both rear limbs or both Symmetrical ulcers occur in both rear limbs or both

forelimbs. forelimbs.

The typical site The typical site for ulceration is in the corium that overlies for ulceration is in the corium that overlies

the flexor process of the third phalanxthe flexor process of the third phalanx

Sole ulceration is one of the most debilitating, costly and common causes of lameness affecting beef and dairy cattle.

Ulcers may occur in the typical site:1. beneath the flexortuberosity of

the third phalanx (sole ulcer)2. in the heel (heel ulcer)3. in the toe (toe ulcer) depending

on the location of the insult.

Incidence :Incidence :

Sole ulcersSole ulcers commonly affect one or both commonly affect one or both

lateral hind claws , predominantly in heavy , lateral hind claws , predominantly in heavy ,

high-yielding dairy cattle kept under confined high-yielding dairy cattle kept under confined

condition. condition.

In the fore limb , it more often involve the In the fore limb , it more often involve the

medial claw. Bulls are less frequently medial claw. Bulls are less frequently

affected. affected.

Etiology : Etiology :

The cause of sole ulcer is not fully known, but it probably results The cause of sole ulcer is not fully known, but it probably results

from localized damage to the corium at the heel-sole junction . from localized damage to the corium at the heel-sole junction .

Lack of exercise during winter housing , causing circulatory stasis Lack of exercise during winter housing , causing circulatory stasis

in the foot. in the foot.

Bruising of the sole. Bruising of the sole.

Housing for long period on concrete. The cubicle system produces Housing for long period on concrete. The cubicle system produces

more sole ulcer than pasture or straw yards. more sole ulcer than pasture or straw yards.

Body weight. Medium-sized animal are more susceptible especially Body weight. Medium-sized animal are more susceptible especially

these with small feet. these with small feet.

Wet conditions, which affect horn quantity, are associated with sole Wet conditions, which affect horn quantity, are associated with sole

ulcers. ulcers.

The heritable trait of straight limb may reduce the The heritable trait of straight limb may reduce the

ability of the leg to absorb shock. ability of the leg to absorb shock.

Heel erosion and interdigital dermatitis are Heel erosion and interdigital dermatitis are

considered to be predisposing or contributory causes considered to be predisposing or contributory causes

of sole ulcer. of sole ulcer.

Chronic laminitis which produces poor horn quality Chronic laminitis which produces poor horn quality

and increase the tendency to walk on the heel. and increase the tendency to walk on the heel.

Hoof defects , such as overgrown toes, unequally Hoof defects , such as overgrown toes, unequally

sized claw and corkscrew claws, which cause the sized claw and corkscrew claws, which cause the

animal to walk on the proximal sole and the heel. animal to walk on the proximal sole and the heel.

Pathogensis :Pathogensis :

Sole ulcer originates from Sole ulcer originates from localized damage to the localized damage to the

pododerm at the sole-heel junctionpododerm at the sole-heel junction. Initially , there . Initially , there

is is localized ischemialocalized ischemia that get contused and thus that get contused and thus

results in an results in an open ulceropen ulcer which favors proliferation which favors proliferation

of of fusiformis necrophorusfusiformis necrophorus, coryne bacterium , coryne bacterium

pyogenes, streptococci, staphlococci and fungi. The pyogenes, streptococci, staphlococci and fungi. The

suppuration may also involve the navicular bursa suppuration may also involve the navicular bursa

and pedal joint. and pedal joint.

Clinical Signs Clinical Signs

The lesion is usually The lesion is usually half inch in diameterhalf inch in diameter, , the sole get the sole get

weekend weekend and and the granulating mass produce through the granulating mass produce through

the ulcerationthe ulceration. .

The lameness The lameness is sudden in onsetis sudden in onset but its severity varies but its severity varies

with the extent of the lesion and degree of suppuration. with the extent of the lesion and degree of suppuration.

The affected limb is usually held abducted with weight The affected limb is usually held abducted with weight

bearing on the unaffected medial digit or on the toebearing on the unaffected medial digit or on the toe..

Cases suffering bilateral affection show alternative rest of Cases suffering bilateral affection show alternative rest of

the hind limb and the animal tends to lie down more than the hind limb and the animal tends to lie down more than

usual .usual .

the lesion varies from the lesion varies from a soft, slightly discolored area, a soft, slightly discolored area,

which may be painful under pressure to an obvious which may be painful under pressure to an obvious

circumscribed perforationcircumscribed perforation. .

Diagnosis :Diagnosis : The site and nature of the condition are The site and nature of the condition are

characteristic. characteristic. The area is often covered by a ledge of The area is often covered by a ledge of

sole horn which protrudes toward the sole horn which protrudes toward the interdigital space, or the thickening of interdigital space, or the thickening of the heel horn may be excessive. the heel horn may be excessive.

Paring the excessive growth reveals Paring the excessive growth reveals hemorrhagic horn. hemorrhagic horn.

Treatment and management :Treatment and management :

Treatment for sole ulcer is to remove weight bearing from Treatment for sole ulcer is to remove weight bearing from

the affected portion of the digit.the affected portion of the digit.

Depending on the location of the lesion and its severity, this Depending on the location of the lesion and its severity, this

may be accomplished by corrective trimming and lowering may be accomplished by corrective trimming and lowering

the heel horn of the affected claw.the heel horn of the affected claw.

Most often Most often a hoof block a hoof block is applied to the healthy claw. is applied to the healthy claw.

If the ulcer is in the typical site or at the heel and there is If the ulcer is in the typical site or at the heel and there is

sufficient heel depth of the healthy toe, a sufficient heel depth of the healthy toe, a ““heellessheelless”” trimming trimming

method may be used.method may be used.

Remove all necrotic tissue with the hoof knife.Remove all necrotic tissue with the hoof knife.

This may require the use of anesthesia by IVRAThis may require the use of anesthesia by IVRA

Clean and dress the wound with an astringent/ Clean and dress the wound with an astringent/

antibacterial spray or powder. antibacterial spray or powder.

Trim the foot to correct the shape and size. Trim the foot to correct the shape and size.

This usually distributes the weight more evenly This usually distributes the weight more evenly

between the two claw reducing the load on the sole between the two claw reducing the load on the sole

ulcer.ulcer.

Bandage the affected claw if the wound is extensive. Bandage the affected claw if the wound is extensive.

In more complicated cases, application of a wooden In more complicated cases, application of a wooden

or rubber block to the unaffected medial claw or rubber block to the unaffected medial claw

removes all weight bearing from the region while removes all weight bearing from the region while

healing proceeds. healing proceeds.

Important Things to Know About Sole Ulcers

1. Ulceration of the sole is one of the most painful,

costly, and common causes of cattle lameness

2. Ulcers may occur in the typical site (sole ulcer), in

the heel (heel ulcer) and in the toe (toe ulcer)

3. Treatment involves removal of loose horn, thinning

of the margin of the ulcer and the transfer of weight

from the affected region to the sound claw through

the application of a hoof block.

4. Prevention is focused on performing regular

functional claw trimming.

White Line Disease White Line Disease (WLD) (WLD)

  White line disease (WLD) refers to a group of lesions hat White line disease (WLD) refers to a group of lesions hat affect the junction between the sole and the wall of the affect the junction between the sole and the wall of the claw. claw.

These lesions of the white line include fissures, hemorrhage These lesions of the white line include fissures, hemorrhage

(pinkness in the sole), and abscesses.(pinkness in the sole), and abscesses.

The outer claw of the rear foot is most commonly affected.The outer claw of the rear foot is most commonly affected.

This disease is characterized by separation and penetration This disease is characterized by separation and penetration

by infected debris of the fibrous junction between the sole by infected debris of the fibrous junction between the sole

and the wall-the ‘white line’ This often leads to abscessationand the wall-the ‘white line’ This often leads to abscessation

The lesion is usually found in the abaxial white line, The lesion is usually found in the abaxial white line,

immediately distal to the bulb of the heel.immediately distal to the bulb of the heel.

The outer claw of the hind foot is usually affected. The outer claw of the hind foot is usually affected.

Incidence :Incidence : White line disease is seen mainly in older, housed cows, but White line disease is seen mainly in older, housed cows, but

occasionally housed fattening cattle may be affected. occasionally housed fattening cattle may be affected.

predisposing factors :predisposing factors :

Wet, unhygienic conditions soften horn and provide an Wet, unhygienic conditions soften horn and provide an

environment suitable for anaerobic multiplication. environment suitable for anaerobic multiplication.

Hoof malformations, e.g. overgrowth, chronic laminitis and Hoof malformations, e.g. overgrowth, chronic laminitis and

congenital axial rotation of the toe, cause excessive stretching congenital axial rotation of the toe, cause excessive stretching

of the white line. of the white line.

Poor horn quality , as a result of chronic laminitis, reduces the Poor horn quality , as a result of chronic laminitis, reduces the

strength of the white line. strength of the white line.

Excessive walking on hard surfaces stretches the white line and Excessive walking on hard surfaces stretches the white line and

wears the sole, thus weakening the wall/sole bond. wears the sole, thus weakening the wall/sole bond.

Old age increases susceptibility , perhaps because horn quality Old age increases susceptibility , perhaps because horn quality

deteriorates, resulting in feet becoming deformeddeteriorates, resulting in feet becoming deformed. .

Clinical symptoms.Clinical symptoms. The lateral claw of the hind digit is usually involved The lateral claw of the hind digit is usually involved

and frequently involves both hind limb. and frequently involves both hind limb. Severity of lameness varies with the extent of tissue Severity of lameness varies with the extent of tissue

involved and suppuration. involved and suppuration. Initially the lesion may not be traced in the absence of Initially the lesion may not be traced in the absence of

any signs. In later stages, the lesions are observed as any signs. In later stages, the lesions are observed as black spots in the white line and the claw is hot black spots in the white line and the claw is hot and percussion is painful. and percussion is painful.

Coronary sinus formation or separation of the heel Coronary sinus formation or separation of the heel horn at the heel bulbs may be seen in advanced horn at the heel bulbs may be seen in advanced cases. cases.

Complications :Complications : Extension of infection up to the sensitive corium of the Extension of infection up to the sensitive corium of the

wall wall may lead may lead to deep sepsis to deep sepsis e.g. navicular bursitis, e.g. navicular bursitis, arthritis of the pedal joint and abscessation at the arthritis of the pedal joint and abscessation at the coronary .coronary .

Diagnosis :Diagnosis :

Separation of the wall from the sole can be seen Separation of the wall from the sole can be seen

distinctly, but foot examination must include careful distinctly, but foot examination must include careful

paring of the hoof to expose and excavate any small paring of the hoof to expose and excavate any small

black spots in the white line which could mark the black spots in the white line which could mark the

position of an abscess The original lesion may be position of an abscess The original lesion may be

partially covered by new horn growth.partially covered by new horn growth.

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

The diagnosis may be confused by acute lameness The diagnosis may be confused by acute lameness

caused by lesions of the bearing surfaces of the foot , caused by lesions of the bearing surfaces of the foot ,

such as sole puncture, sole ulcer, fracture of the pedal such as sole puncture, sole ulcer, fracture of the pedal

bone and bruised sole. bone and bruised sole.

Treatment and management Treatment and management ::

Provide good drainage of the lesion by removing all Provide good drainage of the lesion by removing all necrotic tissue, thereby leaving a hole which will necrotic tissue, thereby leaving a hole which will allow the continued flow of pus.allow the continued flow of pus.

If the lesion has extended up into the corium of the If the lesion has extended up into the corium of the hoof wall, the sinus so formed should be exposed by hoof wall, the sinus so formed should be exposed by cutting an inverted V, pointing towards the cutting an inverted V, pointing towards the coronet.coronet.

If the sensitive corium is extensively involved, local If the sensitive corium is extensively involved, local anesthesia by regional nerve block or local anesthesia by regional nerve block or local intravenous methods are necessary to allow adequate intravenous methods are necessary to allow adequate paring.paring.

Dress with an astringent/antibacterial spray. Dress with an astringent/antibacterial spray. Leave open to drain and clean daily. Leave open to drain and clean daily. The animal should be placed on clean bedding for The animal should be placed on clean bedding for

several days. several days.

If the underfoot conditions are unavoidably If the underfoot conditions are unavoidably dirty , or the wound is extensive, bandage the dirty , or the wound is extensive, bandage the claw , using medicated gauze, cotton wool pad claw , using medicated gauze, cotton wool pad and adhesive bandage. and adhesive bandage.

the bandage should be removed after seven days the bandage should be removed after seven days and replaced if necessary.and replaced if necessary.

Systematic broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for Systematic broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for three days or longer is indicated, especially if all three days or longer is indicated, especially if all the infected tissue has not been removed. the infected tissue has not been removed.

Punctured SolePunctured Sole The condition is also known as The condition is also known as punctured foot, punctured foot,

pricked foot, pododermatitis traumatica septica or pricked foot, pododermatitis traumatica septica or septic laminitisseptic laminitis and is defined as diffused or and is defined as diffused or localized septic inflammation of the pododerm. The localized septic inflammation of the pododerm. The lesion mostly tends to be localized with an acute lesion mostly tends to be localized with an acute onset. onset.

Incidence :Incidence : Penetration of the sole is a sporadic cause of Penetration of the sole is a sporadic cause of

lameness The hind feet are usually affected more lameness The hind feet are usually affected more than the fore feet. than the fore feet.

EtiologyEtiology

The condition is primarily caused by The condition is primarily caused by penetrating penetrating

nails, sharp stones , glass and wires that pierce nails, sharp stones , glass and wires that pierce

the horny capsule of the sole and thus establish the horny capsule of the sole and thus establish

septic pododermatitis. septic pododermatitis.

Cultural examination confirms a mixed infection with Cultural examination confirms a mixed infection with

pyogenic bacteria which may sometimes take place pyogenic bacteria which may sometimes take place

through the cracked sole. through the cracked sole.

Prolonged use of over loaded animals on concrete Prolonged use of over loaded animals on concrete

surface also results in thinning of the sole which is surface also results in thinning of the sole which is

then easily penetrated even by less sharp object. then easily penetrated even by less sharp object.

Clinical Signs : The foreign body causes only pressure slight

lameness. If complete penetration through the horn has

not occurred (Bruised sole) or a septic traumatic

poddermatitis results and sometimes foreign body may

still be present.

If complete penetration through the horn has occurred

there is rapid onset of lameness.

The animal hold its limb above the ground because of

the development of painful abscess.

The well advanced cases are characterized by the

swelling of soft tissue around the hooves.

Treatment and management :Treatment and management : Pare the affected hornPare the affected horn. If only bruising is present . If only bruising is present

further paring after diagnosis is not necessary and the further paring after diagnosis is not necessary and the animal should be placed soft bedding or pasture to allow animal should be placed soft bedding or pasture to allow healing healing

When there is infection ; the infected tract should be When there is infection ; the infected tract should be penetrated and then excavated until all necrotic tissue has penetrated and then excavated until all necrotic tissue has been removed and good drainage obtained. been removed and good drainage obtained.

Dress the area with astringent / antibacterial spray . Dress the area with astringent / antibacterial spray . Leave the excavated wound open to drain and place the Leave the excavated wound open to drain and place the

animal on clean bedding. Clean and dress the wound daily. animal on clean bedding. Clean and dress the wound daily. If underfoot conditions are dirty or the wound is extensive, If underfoot conditions are dirty or the wound is extensive,

bandage the claw using medicated gauze ; cotton pad and bandage the claw using medicated gauze ; cotton pad and adhesive bandage. adhesive bandage.

Remove the bandage after seven days and replace if Remove the bandage after seven days and replace if necessary.necessary.

Systemic broad spectrum antibiotic therapy for three days Systemic broad spectrum antibiotic therapy for three days or more is indicated especially if all penetration is deep.or more is indicated especially if all penetration is deep.

Toe Ulcer, Toe NecrosisToe Ulcer, Toe Necrosis

This condition results from over wear or over trimming at This condition results from over wear or over trimming at

the toe tip.the toe tip.

The resulting The resulting thin sole thin sole at the tip is more susceptible to at the tip is more susceptible to

deformation from stepping on stones or irregular features of the deformation from stepping on stones or irregular features of the

flooring. flooring.

If a hematoma results at the toe tip, it may lead to a vascular If a hematoma results at the toe tip, it may lead to a vascular

necrosis of the soft tissues at the toe tip .necrosis of the soft tissues at the toe tip .

If the lesion is open to the environment, miscellaneous bacteria If the lesion is open to the environment, miscellaneous bacteria

may invade and produce osteomyelitis or pathologic fracture of may invade and produce osteomyelitis or pathologic fracture of

the tip of the third phalanx the tip of the third phalanx

Conservative therapy with a hoof block and cleaning of the Conservative therapy with a hoof block and cleaning of the

toe tip usually results in a chronic state of infection and toe tip usually results in a chronic state of infection and

mild painmild pain. .

  

Our current approach to this problem is to Our current approach to this problem is to place a hoof place a hoof

block block on the sound digit and on the sound digit and amputate the distal portion amputate the distal portion

of the affected digitof the affected digit..

Either obstetrical wire or hoof nippers may be used to remove Either obstetrical wire or hoof nippers may be used to remove

slices of the affected digit until all tissue exposed appears slices of the affected digit until all tissue exposed appears

healthy.healthy.

A tight bandage is applied over some antibiotic powder to A tight bandage is applied over some antibiotic powder to

control hemorrhage. control hemorrhage.

The bandage is removed in a few days. The bandage is removed in a few days.

There is no need for parenteral antibiotics.There is no need for parenteral antibiotics.

Regrowth of functional cornified epithelium will cover Regrowth of functional cornified epithelium will cover

the partial amputation in about 1 month. the partial amputation in about 1 month.

The prognosis is excellent.The prognosis is excellent.

Deep Sepsis of the DigitDeep Sepsis of the Digit   Untreated or late-treated foot rot, complicated Untreated or late-treated foot rot, complicated sole ulcer, sole ulcer,

white line abscess that extends into retroarticular white line abscess that extends into retroarticular structures, and puncture wounds may all result in structures, and puncture wounds may all result in necrosis and/or infection of structures important for necrosis and/or infection of structures important for weight bearing.weight bearing.

These problems have in common severe pain that is not These problems have in common severe pain that is not relieved by hoof blocks or analgesic medication. relieved by hoof blocks or analgesic medication.

Specific diagnosis of the problem may be aided by using Specific diagnosis of the problem may be aided by using a probe to explore fistulous tracts or by inserting a a probe to explore fistulous tracts or by inserting a hypodermic needle (14 or 16 gauge) into joints or tendon hypodermic needle (14 or 16 gauge) into joints or tendon sheaths but rarely requires radiography. sheaths but rarely requires radiography.

Cows suffering from deep sepsis are truly suffering, Cows suffering from deep sepsis are truly suffering, and a decision should be made at the first and a decision should be made at the first recognition of this problem to euthanize, slaughter, recognition of this problem to euthanize, slaughter, or perform surgery.or perform surgery.

Inflammation of the Biflex canal in sheepInflammation of the Biflex canal in sheep This canal is This canal is a double passage a double passage which open on which open on

either side of the middle line of the digit either side of the middle line of the digit about 1/4 about 1/4 inch above the entrance to the interdigital inch above the entrance to the interdigital space in frontspace in front, it is orifice being marked with a tuft , it is orifice being marked with a tuft of hair. of hair.

The canal is not present in the goat. The canal is not present in the goat.

Causes : Causes : Irritation caused by foreign matter gained entrance Irritation caused by foreign matter gained entrance

to the canal. Leading to suppuration and necrosis. to the canal. Leading to suppuration and necrosis.

Symptoms :Symptoms : There is inflammation in the affected region . There is inflammation in the affected region . On compression between fingers, a fatty discharge On compression between fingers, a fatty discharge

oozes from the canal oozes from the canal Lameness is pronounced, the animal remains lying Lameness is pronounced, the animal remains lying

most of the time. When both limbs are affected the most of the time. When both limbs are affected the animal walks on the knees. animal walks on the knees.

Treatment :Treatment :

The hair around the orifices should be shortly cut and the The hair around the orifices should be shortly cut and the

lower parts of the limb. including the foot, should be lower parts of the limb. including the foot, should be

thoroughly cleaned with hot antiseptic fomentation. thoroughly cleaned with hot antiseptic fomentation.

Compression should be applied to squeeze the contained Compression should be applied to squeeze the contained

infected material . infected material .

Local infiltration of antibiotics around the inflamed Local infiltration of antibiotics around the inflamed

canal and inside it then bandage . This is repeated canal and inside it then bandage . This is repeated

every 2-3 days till recovery. every 2-3 days till recovery.

If there is phlegmone at the lower part of the limb, systemic If there is phlegmone at the lower part of the limb, systemic

injection of antibiotics should be continued for three injection of antibiotics should be continued for three

successive days. successive days.

Amputation of digit in cattle This operation is recommended to treat

irreversible lesions of the deep tissues of the claw such as:

Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint

Necrosis of the insertion of the deep flexor tendon to the distal phalanx

Abscessation and necrosis of the digital cushion

Osteitis and osteolysis of the pedal bone Pedal bone open fractures

Surgical technique

The cow is cast and placed in lateral recumbency with the

affected digit uppermost.

Alternatively the operation may be performed with the cow

standing if one of the crushes specifically designed for foot

trimming is available, because these the limb to be adequately

immobilized .

Anesthesia can be achieved simply and effectively using an

intravenous regional nerve block.

Amputation may be carried out above or below the

proximal interphalangeal joint by sawing through the first

or second phalanges respectively, or by disarticulation of

that joint which is the method preferred by the authors.

The incision is made 0.5 cm. above the coronary band and is

continued through all the tissue to the underlying bone and

continued in like manner to encircle the digit.

The second phalanx is exposed on its lateral aspect and the

dissection is continued upwards to the proximal

interphalangeal joint which is located 1.5 cm above the initial

skin incision.

Escape of synovial fluid indicates that the joint has been

reached.

The joint is disarticulated by continuing the incision around

the joint thereby transecting the extensor tendon cranially,

the flexor tendon caudally and the medial collateral

ligament. This is made easier by manipulating the digit.

Once the digit has been removed , the articular cartilage is removed from the distal end of the first phalanx using a scalpel or currette.

Any necrotic tissue is removed by sharp dissection , and the stump of the deep flexor tendon and its synovial sheath are examined for evidence of infection.

The operation is completed by packing the wound with a non-adhesive dressing and a cotton wool pad.

The foot is enclosed in cotton wool and a cotton bandage , and finally Elasoplast is applied as a pressure bandage to control heamorrhage.

The stump is checked for any evidence of infection 4 days post operatively and the dressing is renewed.

Corrective foot trimmingCorrective and preventative hoof trimming Trimming is essential for the maintenance of

healthy normal feet on most dairy farms as well as on artificial insemination

centers where dozens of bull are kept in confined conditions.

hoof trimming is being done well by full-time professional trimmers who have their own specialist equipment e.g. purpose-built crushes/chutes, including the Wopa crate, or other models of turn-over devices, most mechanically powered).

Trimmers often prefer to use powered metal disk grinders (angle grinders).

Timing of trimming Ideally at drying off, and again, assuming twice

yearly job, at winter housing

or not later than one month before spring turnout

but often done when time is available.

Site of trimming

preferably under cover, but good light essential

site should have easy route from collecting area and

to outside yard for later inspection, and be easily

cleansed

Foot trimming methodology

1. Step One: Inner claw of hind foot.

If necessary trim the toe to a “correct length” of 7.5 cm

(roughly four fingers width) from the coronary band to

the toe tip.

If in doubt leave the toe slightly longer rather than cut

too much off.

Cutting the toe too short can have serious consequences:

(a) Exposure of corium leading to bleeding and

discomfort.

(b) Render a correct trim impossible, without making

the sole too thin.

2. Step two: Inner claw of hind foot.

Trim the sole to reduce its thickness to approximately 5 mm at

the

cut edge of the toe. Most horn is removed from the toe.

The white line often reappears at this stage.

However if the inner claw was the correct length prior to

trimming

then it should need no horn removed from the sole.

On the inner claw in most cases the heel should not be touched

as

it is essential to maintain the height of heel of the inner claw.

Once

the inner claw is trimmed it acts as a template for trimming

the outer claw.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the outer claw

4. Step 3: Dish out or model the normal non-weight bearing

sole on the middle third of the inner aspect of each

claw.

Extend it about one-third the way towards the outer

wall of the outer

claw. Make it smaller on the inner claw.

Do not go too deep and expose corium.

This step relieves weight bearing from the typical sole

ulcer site.

5. Step 4: • Remove additional horn from the lateral claw so that it

is equal in

height to the inner claw.

• Heel horn of the outer claw usually has to be removed to

do this.

6. Step 5:

• Remove loose under-run horn at the heels, while trying

to maintain

adequate weight distribution across and between claws.

The purpose of footbaths is:

inhibition or destruction of bacteria (e.g. Fusobacterium

necrophorum) involved in interdigital skin diseases

washing action, cleansing of digits

hardening of sole horn, reducing wear rate and incidence of

bruising and

sole penetration

control of digital dermatitis and heel erosion

Equipment

Preferably two footbaths, in tandem, with first containing

water or a mild

detergent mixture, the second the active solution.

Sitting Footbaths should be sited in a passageway 1.0 to 1.2 m wide

on the return route from the parlour. It is important to avoid a site

directly at the parlour exit, where congestion could cause delays to

milking and also prevent the cows from walking slowly through the

bath.

Contents.

Water for washing the feet should be changed daily.

Astringent chemical solutions of either copper sulphate 5% or formalin

5% (2% formaldehyde) must not be used more than twice a week even

for herds with very soft feet, and less frequently as the feet harden

Excessive use makes the horn brittle and may cause skin irritation. The

depth of solution in the bath should be 17 cm.

It is useful to have two baths in series, the first containing water to

wash the feet and so reduce contamination of the astringent in a

second bath.

Specification - dimensions and structure.

Length 300cm at least.

Width 100cm at top, 60cm at bottom, in order to reduce the

amount of solution used.

Depth 30cm.

Ends sloping to permit emptying with a brush.

The surface should not be slippery.

Exit area should slope back to the bath to reduce the loss of

solution.

it should open on to a large clean area, to prevent immediate

recontamination of feet with faeces.

Portable footbaths . These are made of glass fiber reinforced

concrete and meet the basic construction criteria.

Dry chemical footbaths.