CEPHALOSPORIN

Group 3

6B

CEPHALOSPORIN

• Cephalosphorin are bacteridal and work by

interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

• Active against gram-positives, gram-

negatives or anaerobic bacteria. They do not

against fungi and viruses.

GENERATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS

Fourth Generation

Third Generation

Second Generation

First Generation

FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS

First-generation cephalosporins are

usually active against gram-positive and

have limited activity against gram-negative

bacteria.

They are available both in parental and

oral forms.

Currently available first-generation

cephalosporins include cefadroxil,

cefazolin, cephalexin and cephradine.

Action

Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing celldeath.

Therapeutic Effects

Bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria.

Spectrum

Active against many gram-positive cocci including:Streptococci, Penicillinase-producing Staphylococci.

Not active against: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci,Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus.

Active against some gram-negative rods including:Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escbericbiacoli.

SECOND GENERATION

Second generation cephalosporins have

coverage against gram-positive organisms

similar to that of the first-generation

cepalosporins but have enhance coverage

against gram-negative bacteria.

Both parenteral and oral formulation are

available. Currently available second generation

cephalosporin include cefoxitin and

cefuroxime.

THIRD-GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS

Drug included

Ceftriaxone

Ceftazidime

Most potent of the first three generation in

fighting gram-negative bacteria but less

activity than the first and second drug against

gram-positive organism.

FOURTH-GENERATION

CEPHALOSPORIN

There are currently three fourth-generation

cephalosporin:cefdinir,cefepime,and

cefditoren pivoxil.

Some references classify these with the third

generation drug. They have a broader

spectrum of anti bacteria activity, especially

against gram-positive bacteria, than the third

generation drug.

TYPE OF DRUG UNDER CEPHALOSPORINS

FIRST GENERATION

IV PO

-CEFAZOLIN -CEFADROXIL

-CEPHARADIN -CEPHALEXIN

-CEPHRADINE

SECOND GENERATION

IV PO

-CEFOXITIN -CEFACLOR

-CEFUROXIME -CEFPROZIL

-CEFMETAZOLE

-CEFOTETAN

-LORACARBEF

THIRD GENERATION

IV PO

-CEFOPERAZONE -CEFPODOXIME

-CEFOTAXIME -PROXETIL

-CEFTIZOXIME -CEFTIBUTEN

-CEFTAZIDIME

FOURTH GENERATION

IV PO

-CEFEPIME -CEFDINIR

-CEFDITOREN

-PIVOXIL

SIDE EFFECT OF DRUG UNDER

CEPHALOSPORIN

*Cns :Seizures(high doses)

*GI :Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

*Derm :Rashes, pruritis

*Hemat :Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

*Misc :Allergic reaction including anaphylaxis

a serum sickness, super infection.

Nursing diagnosis

Rashes related to side effect of cephalosporin

medication as evidence by patient complain of

red and itchy at his/her skin.

Goal

Reduce rashes of the patient

NURSING INTERVENTION

Asses the rashes such as location, level of pain, condition of rashes to develop medical treatment of the patient.

Stop all the antibiotic related to cephalosporin group to avoid the rashes became bigger and more pain.

Encourage patient to take bath frequently to increase patient hygiene and reduce the rashes.

Avoid and note the patient from scratch the rashes area to prevent rashes from spread.

Limited the visitor to avoid other from the rashes.