2015 09-13 mcs-apb-spent_grains

MCS-APB TIGER BREWERY

BREWERS SPENT GRAINS QUESTION

ORIGINAL RESEARCH BY: GMIT BIODIESEL PROJECT PREPARED BY: LYNDON MARTIN W. BEHARRY SEPTEMBER 11, 2015

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | Page 1 of 18

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Biodiesel | 2015-09-13_MCS-APB_SpentGrains.docx | 12/29/2016 7:54 PM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Breweries worldwide face the issue of disposing Brewers Spent Grains (BSG).

This report discusses the current trends in the economic and ecologic disposal of Brewers’ Spent Grains (BSG). The analysis concludes that the three most viable options for a brewery in Mongolia are: 1) Methane production for recovery (low to moderate capital investment) with composting in tandem with 2) sale

and/or donation to livestock herders; and the most capital intensive: 3) cogeneration facility to provide steam and electrical energy to power the facility

(and potentially other facilities).

CONTENTS | PAGE 2

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Biodiesel | 2015-09-13_MCS-APB_SpentGrains.docx | 12/29/2016 7:54

PM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1

Overview .............................................................................................................. 3

A review of potential alternatives ........................................................................... 4

Minimalist Schemes ................................................................................................................. 4

Capital Intensive Schemes ..................................................................................................... 5

Process Considerations ............................................................................................................... 7

Attractive Alternatives ........................................................................................... 8

Case Study: Methane Digester and Compost Case ............................................... 10

Case Study: The Alaska Brewing Company Case ................................................. 12

Considerations Applying the Alaska Brewery Case to MCS-APB Tiger ..................... 14

Suggested methodology for financial analysis of BSG steam and power: ............ 14

Assumptions of Opportunity Cost in the MCS-APB Tiger Brewery case .............. 15

Conclusion, Analysis of Data, and Looking Forward ............................................ 16

2015-09-13_MCS-APB_SPENTGRAINS.DOCX Page 3 of 18

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Overview

In May 2015, MCS-APB Tiger Brewery invited GMIT-Biodiesel Project to present the biodiesel program. GMIT student project leaders executed an excellent

demonstration, and MCS-APB Tiger agreed to provide ethanol for GMIT chemical engineering processes of biodiesel. During the meeting, MCS-APB representatives Messrs. VanGeel and Dobrov asked GMIT-Biodiesel Project whether GMIT could

investigate the issue of Brewers Spent Grains (BSG).

In sum, the beer brewing process produces tonnes of BSG. As example, Brazil,

which produces approximately 8.5 billion liters of beer per annum, generated 1.7 million tonnes of spent grain in 2002 (S.I. Mussatto).1

The worldwide brewing industry today actively seeks methods to: 1) dispose of BSG in an economic manner; 2) avoid environmental damage; and 3) use the BSG to produce economic value. This short paper aims to provide a concise review of

brewers’ responses to the problem of brewer’s spent grains under two strategies: 1) minimal capital investment; and 2) capital intensive investment.

This document aims to succinctly review current trends in the brewery industry. The author expects this paper will provide MCS-APB Tiger Brewery a framework from which to begin a dialogue for further in-depth analysis. These data may give

MCS-APB Tiger Brewery a vision to choose one or more options for detailed feasibility and engineering review; and create additional value for the Brewery and its stakeholders.

1 These figures suggest a rough estimation of 200 grams of brewers spent grain per liter of beer product.


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A review of potential alternatives

The following tables review the current trends in handling and disposing Brewers Spent Grains:

MINIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INTENSIVE INVESTMENT

Donate BSG to livestock herders Retro-fit boiler mechanism to use BSG as fuel

Compost BSG for later sale (or

donation) to agriculturalists (note APB would book Public Relations value on donation)

Install biogas production and retention infrastructure

Discard BSG for use as landfill Process BSG for feed (livestock, pets, fish), and for human consumption

Contract with bakers for cash and carry

Pelletize BSG for use and sale as fuel

Minimalist Schemes

MINIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT BENEFITS DETRIMENTS

Donate BSG to livestock herders

Minimal cost (0₮ for

transport, for instance);

Gain public relations

value;

(Potential to book a

write-down, assuming a value base as animal

fodder).

In summer heat, yeasts and bacteria

growth render the matter unfit within 24-48 hours;

Herders will not

accept the donation in warmer months.

Compost BSG for later sale (or donation) to agriculturalists (note APB

would book Public Relations value on donation)

Ecological benefit gains some public relations value;

Relatively low operations cost.

Requires land

property;

Requires regular monitoring;

Could result in some fire hazard (i.e.

methane seepage);

BSG is laden with moisture (75% by

mass) and difficult to compost before drying;

Draws pests: insects

(flies) and rodents.


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MINIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT BENEFITS DETRIMENTS

Discard BSG for use as

landfill

Removes BSG

quickly from premises.

Cash outlay for transport.

Contract to sell BSG to bakery companies

Provides a revenue source to efficiently

use BSG as a food

source;

Buyer would purchase and carry,

unburdening the brewery of storage and haulage costs.

Quality control of the BSG mass;

Regulatory hurdles of a different sort;

Sanitation

safeguards and infrastructure;

Etc.

Capital Intensive Schemes

CAPITAL INTENSIVE

INVESTMENT BENEFITS DETRIMENTS

Retro-fit boiler mechanism to use BSG as fuel2

Optimum use of

BSG as an energy supply;

Low carbon footprint

as the system is not burning a fossil fuel;

Steam could push

electric generator turbine;

BSG is basically a

renewable resource.

Expensive

engineering, as MCS-APB must tailor the system specifically for the plant;

Downtime delays and production losses during the

early phases;

BSG burns to a high ash content –

difficult to clean the

system.

Install biogas production infrastructure to use biogas

as ancillary fuel

Low carbon footprint

as the system is not burning fossil fuel;

Steam generation

from biogas could push electric

generator turbine;

Biogas is a renewable resource.

Requires monitoring;

Potential fire and

explosion hazard from methane concentration;

Requires new hires

to maintain, monitor, and process the biogas.

2 Alaska Brewing Company has taken this initiative to actually burn BSG for steam and electric

generation. http://inhabitat.com/the-alaskan-brewing-company-runs-on-energy-generated-by-its-own-beer/


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CAPITAL INTENSIVE

INVESTMENT BENEFITS DETRIMENTS

Process BSG for feed (livestock, pets, fish), and for

human consumption

Revenue source from

a wholly alternative industry – leading to a portfolio of assets

under management;

Potential to create new sales streams –

even internationally.

Wholly different

business model requiring a new division, new

infrastructure;

Distinct set of government

regulations;

Pelletize BSG for use and sale as fuel

Least expensive of

the capital intensive alternatives

Reduces overall

carbon footprint;

Yields Public

Relations value;

New revenue source.

New infrastructure

and business model;

Process engineering

costs;

Cost of binding

agent;

Requires new and wholly distinct

distribution channels;

Enters into

competition with state-subsidized coal.


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Process Considerations

All of these considerations require extraction of excess moisture from the BSG, even if only to reduce haulage costs. Because of this, MCS-APB should consider using a screw press to remove some of the water from the BSG. Typically, emergent BSG contains 85% water by mass. The screw press reduces the water content down

to 65% to 70%, significantly reducing the density of the hydrated matter.

Many brewers sell BSG as a marketable commodity to bakers or livestock managers. Such breweries dry the BSG as a matter of quality control. Dried BSG retains a longer shelf-life. But because it is lighter, it is also less expensive to transport. Because of this, the brewery ought to investigate the costs and benefits

of drying the spent grains to lowest possible water content.

In addition, a brewery might also consider re-processing the screw press waste water. The stakeholders could find value distilling the fermenting effluent (with other waste ethanol by-product) to produce industrial grade ethanol for sale to the cosmetics industry, hospitals, universities, and schools. Keep in mind that any

engineering process ought to recycle heat through heat exchange mechanisms; but also mitigate water loss by collecting wastewater wherever possible.


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Attractive Alternatives

Research shows many creative options to dispose and/or economically utilize Brewers Spent Grains. Some breweries compost or grow mushrooms, and others

use the matter for baking. Many breweries combust some of the spent grains as an ancillary heat and power source. At the extreme end of capital intensive projects, Alaska Brewing Company created a unique boiler and power plant system which

runs completely on BSG (see case study starting page 12 in this document). And at the low level of capital investment, many breweries either sell or donate BSG to

ranchers or livestock herders.

The analyst created this table to review the most attractive alternatives:

CAPITAL

REQUIREMENT DISPOSAL / USE SCHEME REASONING

Low to moderate

Negotiate with Ulaanbaatar

bakery operations to sell the BSG

Brewers spent grains are rich in protein and carbohydrate:

20% protein; 70% fiber;

Several U.S. microbreweries

use BSG for breads and other baked products.

Low to

moderate

Composting for agricultural use and for methane production (see case study page 10 below)

Assuming that MCS-APB is able to secure a suitable area of land nearby:

The company could set up a

functional facility to insert the BSG into the ground;

Secure the site;

Use a venting system to

bleed off the methane;

Stir the matter for adequate aeration;

Gain some economic benefit from sale of fertilizer after composting;

Gain public relations value worldwide.


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CAPITAL

REQUIREMENT DISPOSAL / USE SCHEME REASONING

Moderate to high

Retrofit the brewery complex to combust BSG to generate high-temperature, high-pressure steam to turn a generator turbine

(see Alaska Brewing Company case study page 12 below)

Assuming that MCS-APB is

willing to make a multi-million dollar capital investment:

The company gains huge

advantages in self-

sustaining power;

The steam generator

complex is co-generating (i.e. steam for operations, steam for power, and steam for heat);

Low carbon footprint;

The corporate partners each

gain valuable knowledge base to replicate the mechanism in other venues;

Huge public relations value

on the international level


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Case Study: Methane Digester and Compost Case

Cost-effective and ecological stratagems to manage the disposal of organic matter require solid awareness of the organic and

biological chemistry of the baseline reactions. The case of composting Brewers Spent Grains (BSG) and potentially recovering methane may

be a viable alternative for a commercial brewing enterprise. Furthermore, while

composting may certainly create a saleable value-added product for market to the agricultural industry, it also satisfies regulatory demands in many jurisdictions worldwide. And though Mongolia does not

presently assess a broad range of taxes and fines focused to reduce carbon emissions and

ecological damage; in the future, the nation will likely pursue various charges and financial fees for environmental issues.

The Methane Digester provides a mechanism to mix organic wastes and effluent in

a controlled environment. Secured from contact with atmospheric oxygen, micro-organisms robustly convert the matter through a series of stages, resulting in methane production.

(WikiMedia Commons, 2007)

One substantial pitfall restricts the application (in Mongolia) of methane generation and composting: five to six months of severe winter cold. Without a sufficient heat

source (an expensive proposition), organic matter will freeze in a methane digester during the winter months. Likewise, organic wastes piled and stirred for compost

will likewise freeze. The winter’s cold basically shuts down bio-chemical decomposition. Hence, a brewery would only meet success in bio-degrading Brewers Spent Grains during the warmer months from mid-April and through mid-October. The cold of November through March reduces the application of such solutions to the MCS-APB Tiger plant.

Composting BSG likewise generates four distinct challenges: 1) wintertime temperatures restrict the compost option for half of the year; 2) access and cost of access to a surface area of land to aerate and process the compost pile; 3) the cost of holding that surface area of property for a time; and 4) economical means to manage the methane generated by the digestion of the BSG matter by anaerobic

bacteria (i.e. even compost will generate methane). Since Mongolia has abundant land, often available for extremely low costs, this case will ignore “2)” above. This

SIMPLE METHANE DIGESTER

(Mother Earth News, 2013)


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analysis suggests that any business enterprise seek public-private partnership on the province level to secure mutual advantage.

While the combination of methane digester/composting offers ecologic and public relations advantage, the brewery would face certain variable costs. Such a project would necessarily require a reallocation of qualified employees to manage the venture. In addition, since the project could only function during the warmer

months, the plant would necessarily revert to selling or donating BSG as fodder to

herders in the late autumn and winter.


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Case Study: The Alaska Brewing Company Case

Alaska Brewing Company faced a disposal problem for its Brewers Spent Grains (BSG). Because of its remote location and distance from agricultural and animal

husbandry centers, the company incurred expenses as much as $30 per ton to ship its BSG to cattle ranchers in the U.S. Lower 48. In response to these costs, the company focused on a wholly novel strategy to extinguish haulage expenses. Alaska

Brewing Company investigated, purchased, and installed a $USD 1.8 million new boiler system to use BSG as the sole fuel. Funded in part with a $500,000 grant

from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Alaska Brewing Company forecasts that the new system will reduce its costs for diesel fuel and electric power by as much as 70 percent and save in excess of $1.5 million over ten years (Carbone).

Prior to installing its new BSG boiler process, Alaska Brewing Company faced the distinct challenge of environmentally friendly disposal of its brewers spent grain.

Because of the dearth of farms and ranches in the area, the company had to dry the BSG (a very heat-intensive and expensive process), and then ship the matter to the Lower 48. While the firm could sell the BSG as livestock feed for $60 per ton; its haulage costs of $30 per ton cut its potential BSG revenue in half. Feasibility studies concluded that the new BSG boiler system could use Brewers Spent Grains

as its sole fuel, while providing steam to run the dryer and power other brewing operations (Grass).

Alaska Brewing Company's innovative strategy stretches back twenty years to 1995 when the company installed a grain dryer. At that time, the stakeholders had realized that the firm could mitigate its prohibitively exorbitant costs of

transporting wet BSG out of Juneau by first drying the matter. For the sixteen years prior to installing the new boiler system in 2012, the company used about half of its brewers spent grain as a fuel source to heat the dryer. Through those years, brewing engineers learned how to efficiently combust the BSG. Still focused to reduce BSG water content, by 2008 the Brewery installed a $1.7 million mash

filter press to produce a finer waste grain with less moisture. After this, the finer BSG material induced the stakeholders to investigate systems to convert the BSG to fuel for powering all plant operations (Grass).

While breweries around the world use spent grain as a co-fuel in energy recovery systems, "nobody was burning spent grain as a sole fuel source for

an energy recovery system, for a steam boiler," says Brandon Smith, Alaska Brewing Company Brewing Supervisor/Engineer. (Berlinger)

Ash build-up emerged as the major problem with Alaska Brewing Company’s BSG boiler system. While conventional fuel boilers generate about 0.5% ash, the BSG boiler produces over 5% ash. To focus the collection of ash, the Brewery installed a

centrifugal system to channel ash into a multi-tube cyclonic collector. The boiler also uses a timing mechanism which periodically switches compressors to force air to remove soot from the fire tubes. But even with these contrivances, adhesion draws water molecules from vapor, conferring a colloidal quality to the ash-water physical chemistry. The hydrated ash presented a gummy character; and the

brewery suffered frequent operations pauses for the engineering team to clean the system and resume efficient combustion. Ultimately, Alaska Brewing Company installed sonic horns using acoustic waves to “blow out” ash accumulation within the boiler assemblies (Labs).


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The enterprise worked with external boiler and process engineers to produce this one-of-a-kind system specifically for Alaska Brewing Company. Since the months-

long installation of the system began in 2012, the boiler experienced a continual commercial run from October 2012 through to the publication of articles in February 2013. Brewing Supervisor/Engineer Brandon Smith optimistically argued that the system would save the brewery 1.5 million gallons of oil fuel over a ten

year cycle, which the prior and now defunct diesel boiler demanded. He also

posited that the new BSG boiler would pay for itself over four years (Stigall).

“If you look at the value of a spent grain as a fuel in terms of the energy content in it versus its value just as a waste material, it goes from a net value of $30 a ton up to $350 a ton,” Smith said. “We did a patent search

just to make sure we weren’t stepping on anybody’s toes and as far as we can tell we’re the only ones in the world that are going to be using spent grain as the sole fuel source for a steam boiler...We’re certainly excited to pioneer this… Whether we envisioned we would end up where we are today, who knows. But looking back it was certainly an integral part of it, putting

in that first grain dryer.” (Grass)

As of 2014, the Alaska Brewing Company has experienced success in its experiment with BSG for fuel. The company argues that it may save as much as $450,000 per annum on fuel and electricity costs (Berlinger). If these savings projections are accurate and consistent for similar sized operations, a combined

capital investment and downtime loss on the order of $4.5 million would still produce a payback period of only ten years, provided another brewery following this model met similar implementation success.


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Considerations Applying the Alaska Brewery Case to MCS-APB

Tiger

A proper analysis of the financial costs and benefits demands that the analyst: 1) determine the annual heat energy content of the brewers spent grain emerging from

the production process; 2) determine the cost in heat energy to dry the brewers spent grain; 3) calculate the difference between the total energy and the energy

required to dry the mass; 4) calculate the cost to purchase this energy equivalent in coal (LPG, diesel, or other); 5) project variable cost/revenue differentials including downtime to clean boiler systems, surpluses on cogeneration of steam and electric

power, etc.; 6) work up a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the Net Present Value of implementing the system (where the capital investment, set-up costs, and production downtime assess the initial costs; and savings in coal or other energy will become a future positive cash flow); and 7) work up a pay-back period analysis.

In other words, to apply the Alaska Brewing Company model to any other brewery, the cost of the instant brewery’s boiler fuel source becomes the functional savings=opportunity cost of lost positive cash-flow to the firm. In this light, if MCS-APB Tiger uses coal to fire its boilers, the analyst need account for the dried BSG’s energy-equivalent purchase price for coal. If the brewery uses natural gas, one

ought to price the BSG in its energy-equivalent purchase price for gas, etc. Further, any feasibility analysis ought to review the brewery’s current usage and expenses for electric power and determine the probable production of electric power via the BSG boiler-generator complex of various output between 1 Mega-watt and 2 Mega-watt (contingent upon the brewery’s current consumption and growth strategy). In

the case of MCS-APB, one might also consider whether larger scale could be beneficial for the brewery to act as a power generator profit center to supply power to other MCS divisions.

Suggested methodology for financial analysis of BSG steam and

power:

CURRENT VARIABLE COST =

POTENTIAL SAVINGS

(OPPORTUNITY COST OF LOST

REVENUE AS A POWER GENERATOR

PROFIT CENTER)

FINANCIAL VALUE

Cost of Coal fuel (measured in cost of heat content per tonne)

(Adjusted for heat content per mass unit; and adjusted for the costs of drying the BSG) Equals the value of the produced and dried mass of BSG to generate the heat content in

the coal, LPG or natural gas analog for boiler steam. ADD TO THIS:

Value of electricity produced from the generator/transformer complex.

Cost of LPG / natural gas fuel

(measured in cost of heat content per tonne)


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Assumptions of Opportunity Cost in the MCS-APB Tiger Brewery case

The brewery produces at a capacity of 120,000 hectoliters (My News Desk,

2007);

One liter of brewed beer produces 200 grams of spent grain (dry mass);

MCS-APB Tiger Brewery produces, roughly, 2,400 tonne BSG per annum;

The heat content of BSG is 18.64 MJ/kg (Mussatto, 2014);

The heat content of (Australian) thermal coal is 25.46 MJ/kg;

BSG produces only 73.21% of the heat of thermal coal;

Market price for (Australian) thermal coal is $USD 62.18 at August 2015

(Index Mundi);

The annual cost of coal to achieve the thermal content of 2,400 tonne BSG equals 73.21% X 2,400 MT/annum X $62.18/MT = $109,257/annum. In other words, the opportunity cost of not using each tonne of BSG to generate heat is 73.21% X $62.18/MT = $45.52 per MT.

Contingent upon whether MCS-APB Tiger Brewery produces steam with thermal coal, natural gas, diesel, or amps from the grid, the firm does suffer a substantial loss of (benchmark) value of $45 per tonne as the opportunity cost of not using BSG as fuel (at current coal prices). And the reader ought to recall the volatility of coal price, and the impact this volatility imputes to production variable costs.


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Conclusion, Analysis of Data, and Looking Forward

This research endeavor aimed to provide a review of current trends in the Brewing Industry addressing Brewers Spent Grains. Through their business cycle, many

brewers engage this discussion at one stage or another. The literature shows that brewers may adopt one strategy and then evolve into another; and some breweries adopt several strategies at once.

While some brewers adopt vertical integration, other enterprises enfold public relations niches seeking stringent environmental standards. Some brewers merge

the production of spent grains with power generation, methane production for energy recycle back to operations, or for a baking subsidiary. And others just give away their spent grains. Regardless of approach, the data clearly show that well-devised stratagems to dispose or utilize Brewers Spent Grains provide value to stakeholders, and reduce headaches related to environmental best practices.

To complete this preliminary analysis, GMIT did not seek proprietary data. Nor did GMIT seek proprietary process engineering design information. Rather, this instant analysis is general, aiming to give a succinct overview. Looking forward, GMIT hopes that MCS-APB Tiger will call upon the University to design and engineer a program and technology backbone specifically tailored for brewery operations. The

University aims to provide true value for all stakeholders: the owners, the employees, the community and government, and the environment. We provide this valuable initial report as an introduction to our University’s range of capabilities. We look forward for research and development consulting with MCS-APB Tiger.

REFERENCES | PAGE 17

- REFERENCES: 17-


Berlinger, J. (. (2013, February 4). Beer-Powered Brewery Saves $450,000 A Year. Business

Insider, p. 1.

Brewers Association. (n.d.). Energy Usage, GHG Reduction, Efficiency and Load Management

Manual. Boulder, CO: Brewers Association.

Brewer's Association of Canada. (2011). Guide to Energy Efficiency Opportunities in the

Canadian Brewing Industry (Second Ed.). Ottawa.

Brodie, P. (2014). A Framework for Sustainable Energy Reduction in Modern Breweries.

Queensland, Australia: Queensland University of Technology, Science and

Engineering Faculty.

Carbone, N. (2013, February 5). Beercycling: Alaska Brewery Uses Spent Beer Grains to

Make New Beer. Time, p. 1.

Galitsky, C., Martin, N., Worrell, E., & Lehman, B. (2003). Energy Efficiency Improvement

and Cost Saving Opportunities for Breweries. Berkeley: Ernest Orlando Lawrence

Berkeley National Laboratory.

Gibson, L. (n.d.). Proving the Biobrewery Concept. Retrieved from Biomass Magazine:

http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/4002/proving-the--biobrewery-concept

Grass, J. (2012, January 12). Brewing up power: Beer maker finalizes biofuels project.

Alaska Journal of Commerce, p. 1.

Index Mundi. (n.d.). Coal, Australian thermal coal Monthly Price - US Dollars per Metric Ton.

Retrieved from Index Mundi:

http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=coal-

australian&months=60

Labs, W. (. (2014, January 10). Loud sonic horn shatters boiler ash buildup at brewery.

Food Engineering, p. 1.

Loog, K. J. (2011). Brewery resource and energy recovery system. Studies by Undergraduate

Researchers at Guelph, 83-87.

McPherson, N. (n.d.). Energy Usage Investigation and Evaluation of a Brewery. Newcastle

University (Supervisors: Dr Yaodong Wang, Professor Tony Roskilly, Dr Barbara

Sturm).

Mother Earth News. (2013). Powered By Pie: Siemens We Can Change The World 7th Grade

Challenge. Retrieved from Mother Earth News:

https://sites.google.com/site/renewablemethaneenergycows/

Mussatto, S. I. (2014). Brewer’s spent grain: a valuable feedstock for industrial applications.

Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 1264-1275.


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My News Desk. (2007, June 19). APB Opens Brewery in Mongolia to Brew Tiger. Retrieved

from MyNewsDesk: http://www.mynewsdesk.com/sg/tiger-beer-

singapore/pressreleases/apb-opens-brewery-in-mongolia-to-brew-tiger-691667

Olajire, A. A. (2012). The brewing industry and environmental challenges. Journal of Cleaner

Production, 1-21.

S.I. Mussatto, G. D. (2006). Brewers’ spent grain: generation, characteristics and potential

applications. Journal of Cereal Science, 43, 1-14.

Seefelt, S., & Smeenk, J. (2015). Using Spent Brewery Grain in the Alaska Compost Pile.

Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service.

Stigall, R. (2013, January 16). Brewery: 'Greener' beer with new boiler. Juneau Empire, p. 1.

U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). New Belgium Brewery 290-kW Renewable CHP System.

WikiMedia Commons. (2007). Anaerobic Digestion. Retrieved from Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stages_of_anaerobic_digestion.JPG

REFERENCES | PAGE 19

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(Brodie, 2014)

(Loog, 2011) (Brewers Association)

(Mussatto, 2014) (Gibson)

(U.S. Department of Energy) (McPherson)

(Galitsky, Martin, Worrell, & Lehman, 2003) (Seefelt & Smeenk, 2015)

(Olajire, 2012) (Brewer's Association of Canada, 2011)

Environment

2015 09-13 mcs-apb-spent_grains