TAIPAE 101

• Taipei 101 features a 508-meter, • 101-story tower• a five-story deep basement• 61 elevators• most floor plan areas vary between 2000 and 2500

square meters (21,500 to 27,000 square feet), • Building aspect ratio (height/width) to the main

roof is about 9 based on its ‘waist’ (and 6.8 counting the wider base).

• Construction began in 1999 and ended this year 2004.

QUICK FACTS

The challenges to design and build a super-tall building in Taipei:

• Height • Typhoon• Winds• Frequent strong Earthquakes • Weak clayey soils

FACTORS THAT MAKE CONSTRUCTION DIFFICULT

• AS THE EARTH BENEATH TAIPAE IS SOFT CLAY IT DEMANDS UNQUELY DESIGNED FOUNDATION

• ABOVE THE GROUND EARTHQUAKE AND TYPHOON INDUCES HORIZONTAL FORCES

DESIGN CRITERA

• FOR ERATHQAUKE RESISTING :- FLEXIBLE• FOR TYPHOON RESISTING :- STIFFNESS

101’s Strengths

• Designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes.

• Withstand 134 mph winds• Withstand a 7.0 Richter scale earthquake, only

happens in a 2,500 year cycle.• Withstood a 6.8 earthquake during

construction in which a crane fell off of the tower and killed 5 people.

The structure is reinforced by a Moment Frame System linking the columns on all floors

36 columns provide vertical support, including eight mega columns around the perimeter.

The world’s largest passive tuned mass wind damper, suspended from level 92 down to level 88

The Tower is built on 380 concrete piles, sunk 80 meters into the ground

GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING SHOWING VARIOUS ELEMENTS

SUPER CLOUMNS

OUTRIGGER TRUSS

MEGAFRAME

PILINGS

Outrigger columns are visible below the tower ’waist’ and perimeter moment frame columns are visible above.

Note a setback above each 8-story module, the tower ’waist’ and double-

notched corners for wind load reduction.

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONSTEEL PILES, REBAR, & CONCRETE

FOUNDATION DETAILS

• One of the most stable buildings ever constructed

• Reinforced by 380 piles driven 262 feet into the ground

• Each pile is 5 feet in diameter and can withstand a load of 1100-1450 tons, that is 2,900,000 pounds each.

FOUNDATION DEPTH 80 METERS

Tower Podium

Clay

Colluvium 1

Colluvium 2

Sandstone

REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE

SUPER STRUCTURE CONSURCTION

STEEL SUPER COLUMNS

SUPER-COLUMN FABRICATION

WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN

Electric Pads

CROSS-SECTION OF SUPER-COLUMN& REINFORCEMENT

FILLED WTIH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE UPTO LEVEL 62

TUNED MASS DAMPER

• A TUNED MASS DAMPER OCCUPIES LEVEL 87 TO 91

• 736 TON SPHERE OF STACKED STEEL PLATES

• SUSPENDED FROM 4 STEEL CABLES

• IT’S A PENDULUM 0.26 OF BUILDINGS TOTAL WEIGHT

As LATERAL FORCE pass up through the structure, the ball remains all but stationary; its inertia helps to counteract the movements of the building around it, thus “dampening” the LATERAL FORCE.

PRINCIPLE BEHIND TUNED MASS DAMPER

TMD CONSTRUCTION

• Tuned mass damper of stacked field-welded steel plates will swing as a pendulum on steel cables.

Assembly of the Tuned Mass Damper

Completed Assembly of the Tuned Mass Damper

OTHER APPLICATION OF TUNED MASS DUMPER

400 kg - 14 Hz

tall and slender free-standing structures (bridges, pylons of bridges,chimneys, TV towers) which tend to be excited dangerously in one of their mode shapes by wind

Millennium Bridge

Dampers on the Millennium Bridge in London , England.

Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge, between Honshu and Shikoku in Japan, currently the world's longest suspension bridge, uses pendulums within its suspension towers as tuned mass dampers.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS2002

ON 31 March 2002 Partially constructed building survives 6.8 magnitude earthquake undamaged.

THE PROJECT SURVIVES EARTHQUAKE IN IT’S MOST VULNERABLE STATE

• ONLY THE CRANE HAD COLAPSED • NO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TOOK PLACE

2004 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED

THE END

REF:-

• INTERNET• VIDEO COURTESY 1) DISCOVERY CHANNEL

2) YOUTUBE