Internet of Things for Underground Drainage And ManholeMonitoring System for Metropolitan Cities

A midterm Project report submitted

to

MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Award of the Degree

of

Master of Technology

inNetwork Engineering

byMuragesh S Kabbinakantimath

Reg. No.120927023

under the guidance of

Mr.Santhosha Rao

Assistant Professor, Department of ICT MIT Manipal

February 2014

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of real life objects, communication devicesattached to sensor networks in order to provide communication and automatedactions between real world and information world. IoT came into existence because,without human interaction computers were able to access data from objects anddevices, but it was aimed at, to overcome the limiting factors of human entereddata, and to achieve cost, accuracy and generality factors. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is a key enabler for IoT paradigm. This paper represents the implementationand design function of an underground drainage and manhole monitoring system(UDMS) for IoT applications. The vital considerations of this design are low cost,low maintenance, fast deployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time andhigh quality of service. The proposed model provides a system of monitoring thewater level and temperature inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lidis open. It also monitors underground installed electric power lines. In real time,UDMS can remotely monitor current states of the manholes.

Keywords:Internet of Things (IoT), IoT applications, wireless sensor networks (WSN),WSN optimized design, WSN platform, WSN protocol, Underground Drainage and Man-hole monitoring System (UDMS)

1

Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Literature Survey 6

3 Motivation 8

4 Objective and Scope 8

5 Design 8

6 Implementation and Results 9

7 Work done so far 11

8 Work to be done 11

9 Conclusion 12

10 References 13

2

1 Introduction

The most of the cities adopted the underground drainage system and it should be inproper manner to maintain the cleanliness of cities. If the drainage maintenance is notproper the pure water gets contaminate with drainage water and infectious diseases mayget spread. The drainage gets blocked during rainy season, it will create problem forroutine life. The traffic may get jammed, the environment becomes dirty, totally it upsetsthe public. So it is the duty of corporation to take care of cleanliness of the city. Theyshould take special care about drainage system. It is very common that drainage willget blocked due to some reasons. But the corporation official responds to this problemvery late. After getting blocked the public will notice this, but some-times the publicalso careless and they dont inform the officials. After creation of some serious problemthrough public or some other Medias the news will go to officials and they respond to itthereafter. Until then the whole public of that corresponding area has to suffer. Supposeif there should be a facility which would be there in Municipal Corporation that theofficials come to know immediately after blocking of drainage in which area and theexact place where it is blocked and it also informs if the manhole lid is open. The timewill be saved. The action can be taken quickly and man power will be saved. So our mainfocus is monitoring manholes using sensors. If drainage gets blocked and water overflows,it sensed by the sensor, then that sensor sends information via transmitter and that signalis received by a particular receiver which is near to corporation or corresponding offices.

3

Figure 1: Early days open drainage

4

Figure 2: Construction of underground drainage system

Figure 3: Overflow of manhole

5

Figure 4: Dangerous lid open manhole

2 Literature Survey

Ivanovitch Silva et.al have presented a paper on ” A dependability evaluation tool for theInternet of Things”. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising networking paradigmwhich immerses objects (cell phones, goods, watches, sensing motes, TVs, etc.) in a world-wide connection. Despite its high degree of applicability, the IoT faces some challenges.One of the most challenging problems is its dependability (reliability and availability),since a device failure might put people in danger or result in financial loss. The lack of adesign tool for assessing the dependability of IoT applications at the early planning anddesign phases prevents system designers from optimizing their decisions so as to minimizethe effects of such faults on the network devices. In this paper, we propose a dependabil-ity evaluation tool for IoT applications, when hardware faults and permanent link faultsare considered.

Sho Fujita et.al have presented a paper on ”Identifying and verifying clock synchro-nization protocol parameters, Proceedings of the workshop on Internet of Things andService Platforms”. The Internet of Things(IoT) is a novel paradigm, where things arein the majority position of producers and consumers of traffic. IoT is expected to havea strong impact on our everyday life, i.e., the physical space around us. In the physicalspace, the notion of time is so universal that the information there is often combinedwith timestamps. To make them consistent among IoT nodes, applications need a clocksynchronization mechanism, which has been an important topic in the research commu-nity. Whereas earlier studies focused mainly on improving synchronization accuracy, wefocus on improving efficiency to achieve a given synchronization accuracy in a given en-vironment. This viewpoint is important because applications do not always require the

6

best synchronization accuracy and only limited resources are available for IoT nodes. Wepropose methods to identify and verify appropriate parameters for clock synchronizationprotocols. Because our methods are not limited to a specific protocol, we introduce aclock synchronization protocol model that generalizes a class of clock synchronizationprotocols and discuss our methods based on it. Our methods are demonstrated on atrace of time information collected in our testbed.

Lara Srivastava et. al have presented a paper on ”Towards a narrative-aware designframework for smart urban environments, The Future Internet: future internet assem-bly”. Innovation in smart city systems is based on the principle that devices, places andeveryday things can each be enabled to serve people in a real-time and responsive manner.This chapter presents a novel approach to the design of smart city systems that takesinto account not only technical installations in a future Internet of Things environment,but also the power of human storytelling in an always-on networked world. It is onlywhen environments are both sensor-driven and socially-aware that a more holistic, andtherefore more useful, urban narrative can emerge in the future Internet context. Thepresent chapter proposes a new narrative-aware design framework and applies it to ahypothetical city scenario in order to highlight its main components and the benefits itmay offer to a future Internet city’s actors.

Flavia C. Delicato , Paulo F. Pires et.al have published a paper entitled ” Towards anIoT ecosystem, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Software Engineeringfor Systems-of-Systems”. In the near future, it will be possible that every object onEarth can be identifiable and addressable. Such objects will be able to be monitored andmonitor their physical environments, and of executing actions on such environments inbenefit of human users. Moreover, these so-called smart objects will be endowed withwireless communication capabilities. By being uniquely addressed, wireless endowed andthrough the use of existing protocols and standardized formats, smart things can beintegrated in the Internet and accessed as any other Web resource. In this context, theInternet of Things (IoT) emerges as a paradigm in which smart things actively collaborateamong them and with other physical and virtual objects available in the Web, providingvalue-added information and functionalities for users. The IoT paradigm has recentlyshowed its potential of considerably impacting the daily lives of human beings mainlydue to the use and interaction of physical devices in several domains, including complexsystems composed of other systems. In this paper we discuss the IoT paradigm from theperspective of Systems-of-Systems and present EcoDiF, a IoT platform that integratesheterogeneous devices to provide real-time data control, visualization, processing, andstorage. In EcoDiF, devices, information, users and applications are integrated to createan IoT ecosystem in which new ideas and products can be developed in an organic way.

Denis Carvin , Philippe Owezarski , Pascal Berthou et. al have published a paperon ”Managing the upcoming ubiquitous computing, Proceedings of the 8th InternationalConference on Network and Service Management” The Internet of Things (IoT) is apromising theme of research. Covering subjects from micro-electronic to social scienceswith a major field in computing, network and telecommunication. It is judged as thefuture of the today’s Internet. The main idea is to benefit from an ambient intelligenceinstantiated by objects assisting humans in their daily tasks. One has already imagineduse cases and challenging projects in separate areas, but challenge often means perfor-mances and requires expensive specific implementations or technologies. Paradoxically,

7

this technology fragmentation starves us from a rapid growth of the IoT whereas it pre-vents us to be flooded by the uncharacterized traffic it would generate [1]. Intersectingthree domains of research that are Systems Monitoring and Management, UbiquitousComputing and Cognitive Radio, we introduce our ongoing work on a new transversaluse case called Ubiquitous Cognitive Systems Management (UCSM) to tackle this para-dox and originate the chatty object concept.

3 Motivation

The most of the cities adopted the underground drainage system to maintain the cleanli-ness of cities. If the drainage maintenance is not proper the pure water gets contaminatewith drainage water and infectious diseases may get spread. The drainage gets blockedduring rainy season, it will create problem for routine life. The traffic may get jammed,the environment becomes dirty, and totally it upsets the public. If the manhole lid is notclosed properly there is a chance of occurrence of accidents and also people or animals mayget fall into the drainage. This problem is very interesting, suppose imagine if we shouldhave a remote monitoring system to monitor the internal states of the manhole, and thenwe can solve this problem efficiently. These problems occur due to environmental changeslike rainy season etc. There are many other remote monitoring systems, [refer] they haveadopted WSN to remotely monitor the conditions [refer crop monitoring journal patent].We can improve this problem by designing WSN platform IoT applications.

4 Objective and Scope

The main objective of this project to keep the city clean, safety and healthy. If thedrainage maintenance is not proper it will create problem for routine life, traffic mayget jammed infectious diseases may get spread and there is a chance of occurrence ofaccidents. The vital considerations of this design are low cost, low maintenance, fastdeployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time and high quality of service.

5 Design

To overcome the problem of open drainage system, most of the cities were adopted theunderground drainage system to keep the city clean, safety and healthy. This is a designof WSN platform for IoT applications. Previous [patent] system fails to provide low cost,low maintenance, fast deployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time and highquality of service. This design provides three way alert systems, which include Routemap, LCD display and Speakers.

8

Figure 5:Proposed model

6 Implementation and Results

Sensor unit senses all the physical parameters like temperature, water overflow, manholelid open or closed and convert these input into electrical output, this electrical outputreceived as a input to PIC 16F877A and programmed in such a way that to display allthe alert information into readable text messages and displayed on the monitor.

9

Figure 6:Transmitter

Figure 7:Receiver

10

Figure 8:Results

7 Work done so far

Hardware implementation has been done.Three parameters such as overflow of water,over temperature and lid open notificationsare displayed on the LCD display.All the three notification messages are accessed and displayed on the monitor throughserial communication

8 Work to be done

All the three notification messages such as overflow of water,over temperature alert andlid open alert messages are going to be accessed and displayed on the internet.

11

9 Conclusion

WSNs are considered as the key enablers for the IoT paradigm. However, due to thewidening variety of applications, it is increasingly difficult to define common require-ments for the WSN nodes and platforms. This paper addresses all phases of the practicaldevelopment of a full custom WSN platform for underground drainage and manholemonitoring through IoT applications for metropolitan cities. A real-life, demanding ap-plication is selected as reference to guide most of node and platform solution explorationand the implementation decisions. Aspects of WSN platform considered are: platformstructure, flexibility and reusability, optimization of the sensor and gateway nodes, opti-mization of the communication protocols for both in-field and long range, error recoveryfrom communications and node operation, high availability of service at all levels, appli-cation server reliability and the interfacing with IoT applications. This paper can be usedto guide the specification, optimization and development of WSN Platforms for other IoTapplication domains.

12

10 References

• Lazarescu, M.T., ”Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Moni-toring for IoT Applications,” Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems,IEEE Journal on , vol.3, no.1, pp.45,54, March 2013

• Kelly, S.D.T.; Suryadevara, N.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C., ”Towards the Implementa-tion of IoT for Environmental Condition Monitoring in Homes,” Sensors Journal,IEEE , vol.13, no.10, pp.3846,3853, Oct. 2013

• Romer, K.; Mattern, F., ”The design space of wireless sensor networks,” WirelessCommunications, IEEE , vol.11, no.6, pp.54,61, Dec. 2004

• P. Harrop and R. Das,Wireless sensor networks 20102020, IDTechEx Ltd, Cam-bridge, U.K., 2010

• Manhole cover type sensor node apparatus US 20120206270A1 publication date 16Aug 2012

• MONITORING SYSTEM AND METHOD US 7626508 B2 publication date 1 Dec2009.

13