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A case based primer on Viruses and the Kidney, from HIV to others
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Kenar JhaveriHofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine
March 2011A case based approach
Goals Present case/clues with pictures, YOU GUESS THE VIRUS
Then we discuss how it effects the kidney
Case 1: 40 year old male, past IV Drug abuse
Image Courtesy: uncnephropathology.org
Labs show Crt up from 0.7 to 4.0mg/dl and protein/crt ratio 15gm
Image source: flickr.com
Patient has night sweats, weight loss and temporal wasting.Normo-tensive on exam and no edema on exam.
DiagnosisHIV associated Collapsing
FSGS or HIVAN
HIV is a RNA retrovirus
Case 2: Same patient, only difference:- He plays cricket for the West IndiesTeam nationally.
DiagnosisHTLV-1 Associated Collapsing FSGSThink HIV like disease but virus is HTLV-1
Other findings:T cell LeukemiaHypercalcemia
HTLV-1 is also a RNA retrovirus
Case 3: 54 y old male with 5 years post DDRTx( thymo, steroids +, triple drug regimen)
P/Crt ratio 7gm, crt slowly rising, anemia, thrombocytopenia, night sweatsHe does mention that the other day, his son “slapped” his cheeks.
Courtesy: indianjnephrol.org 2011
What if I changed the patient to either a child with this picture or a Sickle Cell Patient with proteinuria?
DiagnosisParvoVirus B19 associated Collapsing FSGS
Renal diseaseCollapsing GloemrulopathyCystitis
PB19 is a single stranded DNA virus
Case 4: 32 y old male with subnephrotic proteinuria, crt 1.3mg/dl now to 1.6History of HIV on HAART. History of IV Drug abuse
Image Courtesy:renalfellow.blogspot.com
UA showed 1-2+ RBC's/hpf. Serum albumin was 3.7 g/dL and serum cholesterol 209 mg/dL. All serologies were negative or normal, But C3 and C4 are low.
pmj.bmj.com
RF is 400( elevated), IF shows strong C3 and IgM andModerate IgG and negative IgA
Image Source: uninet.edu
60nm
DiagnosisHepatitis C associated
Cryoglobulenemic Nephritis( MPGN)
Hep C virus is single stranded RNA virus
Hepatitis C and the kidneySerum antihepatitis C virus antibodySerum hepatitis C virus RNA by polymerase
chain reactionElevated serum aminotransferasesCryoglobulinemia (mixed type II with
monoclonal immunoglobulin M kappa)Cryocrit (2%–70%)Low C4, C1q, CH50Normal or only slightly low C3
Case 5: 76 y old male with ALL with Allogenic Stem Cell transplant develops hematuriaOn Day +60
Image source: tpis1.upmc.com
Leukopenia along with a sudden rise in crt noted from 1- 3mg/dl
Image Source: emedicine.medscape.com
Developed blurry vision as well- Ophthamology made the diagnosis Before you!
Image Source: emedicine.medscape.com
DiagnosisCMV Nephritis, along with Retinitis
Renal disease Tubular interstitial DiseaseFSGS, proliferative GNTMAUreteritisHemorrhagic cystitis
CMV is part of the Herpes Viruses (DNA virus)
Case 6: 67 y old LRRTx and recent admission for rejection now comes With hematuria and AKI
Image Source: NKF 2001 and renalfellow.blogspot.com
http://www.ndt-educational.org/
You look in the urine and find these!
pathology2.jhu.edu
DiagnosisBK Nephropathy
DNA virus
Case 7: 56 y old male presents with proteinuria of 2.5gm and slowly rising crtOver 2-3 weeks. He has also noticed that he has worsening neuropathy and edema Over past months
flickr.com
On exam, he has an enlarged spleen, liver and inguinal lymph nodes andYou confirm peripheral neuropathy and 2+ edema. BP is elevated at 145/90
nature.com
Patient has monoclonal gammopathy on labs noted on serum free light chains,Over 2 weeks, patients develops hyperpigmented skin as well. SH: patient is from sub Sahara in Africa
biol4634.wordpress.com
DiagnosisHHV-8 associated Thrombotic
MicroangiopathyKaposi SarcomaLikely POEMS Syndrome
HHV8 is part of the Herpes DNA viruses
Case 8: 17 y old male has a cough and soar throat. His girlfriend was sick Recently as well
kidneypathology.com
You do a detailed HEENT exam and find this?
Ig A
unckidneycenter.org
If this was a post kidney transplant patient, this virus can also causeLymphoma!
flickr.com
DiagnosisEBV associated Ig A Nephropathy
EBV- Ig A Nephropathy, Proliferative GNEBV – Burkitt’s LymphomaEBV- PTLD
EBV is part of the herpes DNA viruses
Case 8: A 56 y old female has 13gm of proteinuria. She is a physicianShe had a femoral stick exposure few years prior
medicinembbs.blogspot.com
Complements are normal. On IF, shows IgG1,2 or 3
pathguy.com
Her antibodies to the human phospholipaseA2 receptor (PLA2R) are negative
Also, her LFTs are elevated
DiagnosisHep B associated Membranous GN
Hep B is a double Stranded DNA virus
Case 9: 14 y old boy presents with fever and a rash. The illness resolves But few days later, there is acute rise in crt and hematuria.
gamewood.net
The electron microscopy showed this finding:- In idiopathic variant of this disease, it can be treated with anti complement agents
www1.imperial.ac.uk
DiagnosisMeasles associated Dense Deposit Disease
Usually associated with a form of immune complex disease, proliferative GN or dense deposit disease
Paramyxovirus causes Measles is a single stranded RNA virus
Case 10. What if the boy had similar findings, but had pancreatitis as wellOn exam you noticed parotid swelling
Ig Akidneypathology.com
DiagnosisMumps Associated Ig A Nephropathy
Mumps – immune complex GN and Ig A Nephropathy
Mumps caused by paramyxovirus – RNA virus
Case 11. A 45 y old male with myeloma gets an allogenic stem cell transplant15 days following, has gross hematuria and rise in crt
Virus in the bone
ndtplus.oxfordjournals.org
This virus can also cause gastroenteritis and croup
tedpella.com
kidneypathology.com
DiagnosisAdenovirus Nephritis
Renal disease: Tubular Interstitial Disease( usually
necrotizing)Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Adenovirus is a DNA virus
Case 12: A 23 y old male in the CCU admitted for viral myocarditis has acute Rise in crt, and hematuria
kidneypathology.com
Patient also develops aseptic meningitis, urine has blood, no RBCS
kidneypathology.com
DiagnosisCoxsackie B associated Renal disease- here
secondary to Rhabdomyolysis
RhabdomyolysisIg A nephropathy
Cox B is a Rna virus
What other common virus can lead toRhabdo associated renal disease?
Influenza A
Trends- Interstitial Diseases:- CMV, Adenovirus, HIV,
BKV- TMA: CMV, HHV8 and HIV- Rest all- Glomerular Diseases
Future DirectionsNIH has embarked on a program to identify viral causes of unexplained renal Diseases- focus on collapsing FSGS, and Thrombotic microangiopathy
Use of a customized array of 655 viruses from 135 genera to be used.
Waldman M, Kopp J. Virues and Kidney disease: Beyond HIV. Semin Nephrol 2008:28:6:595-607.