Venia legendi2

Trust, performance, participation and user engagement

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Topics addressed...

• Work and achievements– Teaching

– Researching

– Projects

• Future perspectives

@ Sónia Sousa, 2015

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Framework of reference

• Bridges various disciplines– Human Computer Interaction

• Focus on the integration of humans with systems.

– Trust • Focus on the integration of humans with their

interaction environment.

– Distance education• Focus on the integration of humans with online

technologies as a communication medium.


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The objective

• Is to cover my relation with trust in…– Online Distance Learning

• A project conducted in Western Africa (15m)

– Personal Learning Environments• A project conducted in Tallinn University (10m)

– Interaction Design• Provide insights on the Knowledge transfer to the

university's masters courses HCI (10m)

• Closing remarks


Trust in… Online Distance Learning

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The initial challenge

• Begun in 2001 – To provide ODL opportunities in Cape Verde

• To support such requirement, – The UniPiaget invested strongly in the development

of a Virtual learning environment• Among other start-up initiatives, mine was to…

– Develop an online learning course in Basic ICT skills

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The initial challenge

• The research work was conceived having – Western Africa environment as a background– Knowing that

• Only 35% of the students have a computer at home • Out of which only 55% have internet access• The remaining students have close to none computer

exposure before entering the university.


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Cape Verde

• Population of 525,000 – Majority young people– 500,000 are abroad

• Geographically divided – into 9 islands

• Main reasons for high emigration are– Fragile economy

• Due to country dry conditions

– Shortage of higher education institutions

• Forcing students to go abroad, some of whom never return home.

Source: africa-atlas.com

Western Africa 500 km west of Senegal


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Main aims was…

• To design a sound instructional strategy – For first year undergraduate students.– To enable an easy and transparent integration of

this ODL course with every curricula • The challenge was to depict the most suitable

– Pedagogical strategy; and – Virtual Learning Environment set.

• Having in mind the technical constraints


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Country technical constrains

• In 2004– High Internet pricing plans – Lack of awareness

• No concrete plans to supply all schools with PCs or connection to the Internet

– Lack of technical know-how• CVT has a legal monopoly over international

connections – Preventing potential ISPs from establishing their own

international gateways @ Sónia Sousa, 2015

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University technical constrains

• By the time this project started, in September 2002…– The university’s internet connection was only an ISDN 64

Kbps line – The campus' electricity supply was inadequate and unstable– The computer labs didn’t have any kind of air conditioning

• In six months... – Internet connection went from ISDN 64 to a leased line 128

and then 256 • After a failed satellite link try out

– Electricity supply was stabilized – Computer labs were equipped with fans and air conditioning


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Subset of the issues raised

• Distance education (Pedagogical strategy)– Involves the separation in space and time of

teachers and learners. – Communication will be mainly mediated by

technology, thus need to be aware that…• Rules naturally applied face to face become different in a

distance education environment • High dropout rates when learning at a distance• Students’ low performance rates and lack of motivation


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• Technology (Communication medium)– Foster reliability– Facilitate interaction

• both asynchronous and synchronous

– Provide unobtrusive feedback mechanisms– Cater for users’ needs – Promote trustful learning interactions.


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• Research focus (Trust)– Trust represents a key value in

• Social participation– eParticipation through civil engagement

• Cooperation– Peer to peer work

• Economical transactions– eCommerce

• Sharing practices– Knowledge-sharing, sharing economy

• Sustainability – Changing user behaviours incentive more reuse practices@ Sónia Sousa, 2015

Why?

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Hence our efforts to…


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Contributions and results

• Insights on the main trust factors

• Statistical significantly correlations– students’ trust and their academic performance in all

three trust factors.• Negative correlations

– Low level of trust -> higher ICT Skills score; and– Middle or High level of trust -> lower ICT Skills score.


Trust factors Students’ beliefs on trust

F [1]Students’ trust towards the interaction between students teachers

F [2] Students’ trust towards virtual learning environment

F [3] Students’ trust towards technology

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• The design, development and deployment of the course taught at a distance over the Internet – In Western Africa in the early 2000s

• The online course was delivered (Spring 2003)– Provided basic ICT skills to 100 students:

» Unit. 1 - Basic computer and internet skills» Unit. 2 - Computer history» Unit. 3 - Operating system usage» Unit. 4 - Word processing» Unit. 5 - Using spreadsheets» Unit. 6 - Preparing presentation with the computer


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• Support the implementation of a VLE – A Portuguese e-learning platform called FORMARE


A Learning Management System

SCORM compliant and enables• structured knowledge domain

modeling• usage tracking and sophisticated

access control • content embedded assessment• Individual note taking

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FORMARE the LMS


Instruction on how toThe learning environment

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Instructional strategy Combination of…• LMS model affordances• Distance education strategies...


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Actors involved


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Publications

• A Study on the Understanding of the Relation between Trust and Performance in On-line Distance Learning. ED-MEDIA 2003, AACE.

• Exploring The Relation Between Trust And Academic Performance In On-Line Distance Learning: Early Results. eLearn 2005, AACE.

• A Confianca e o Desempenho dos Alunos em Aulas a Distancia pela Internet. Contacto: Revista de Divulacao Cienifica da Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, 1, 77 – 86, 2007.


Trust in… Personal Learning Environments

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The ongoing challenge

• Rationale – To provide a better understanding of the trust role

• To support effective collaboration • To foster online sharing and participation.

• Context of study– Personal Learning environments


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Research strategy depicted

• Stage 1: – Modeling Trust as a social-technical phenomena

• Stage 2: – To understand Online Learning Communities

• Stage 3: – To eliciting the effects of trust in Personal Learning

Environments


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• Explored the OLC concepts, and It

interconnection with Trust

• Supported the implementation of an ontology to

facilitate a systematic recording of OLC

manifestations.@ Sónia Sousa, 2015

1

2

The draft model

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Modeling Trust as a social-technical phenomena


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The socio-technical model of trust

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Conceptual Contributions

• Modeling Trust as a social-technical phenomena• Eliciting

– The reliability of the trustworthy making qualities to share in PLE

– The effects of privacy awareness in learners' trust predisposition

– The effects of trust in learning collaboration– The effects of trust in moderating learner's

Interactions towards openness and sharing


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Socio-technical model of Trust


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Trust Qualities

• Working with user’s expectations– Incentive or Motivate

• Represents the degree to which an individual believes (even under conditions of vulnerability and dependence) h/she has the ability to perform specific beneficial actions when using a computer.

– Creating Willingness• Reflects positive or negative feelings

about performing a given action while considering the risk and incentives.

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Trust Qualities

• Working with user’s perceptions– Perceiving competency

• Reflects the degree of ease of use when associated with the use of the system.

– Perceiving predictability• Represents a user's confidence that the

system will help him to perform a desired action in accordance with what is expected.

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Trust Qualities

• Working with user’s emotions– Express benevolence

• reflects a user's perception that most people share similar behaviours and values.

– Show reciprocity• represents the degree to which an

individual sees oneself as a part of a group.

– Transmit honesty• reflects an insurance quality when facing

apprehension, or even fear with the possibility of being deceived.

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Publications

• Emerging trust patterns in online communities. CPSCom, IEEE, 2011.• Interrelation between Trust and Sharing Attitudes in Distributed

Personal Learning Environments: The Case Study of LePress PLE . Springer Verlag, ICWL 2011.

• Trust as a leverage for supporting online learning creativity – a Case Study. eLearning Papers, 30, 1 - 10, 2011.

• Trust on Moderating Learner's Interactions. Academic Publishers, ECER 2012.

• Privacy Awareness of Students and its Impact on Online Learning Participation – a Case Study. Springer Verlag, OST 2012.


Trust in… interaction Design

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Present challenges

• Present prepectives are towards...– Further exploring ways to

• Facilitate the design of trust-enabling interactions

• Those techniques should enable designers to leverage user engagement through trust

• In 3 main dimentions– Foster participation– Foster collaboration– Foster sharing.


Teaching activities

Designing Technology-enhanced learning

• Concept– Foster online creative collaboration (a

international set)

• Design, implement and evaluate– A prototype of a TEL course

• Selection of technology to• Construct a distributed TEL

environment


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Teaching activities

Evaluating the User Experience


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• Concept– UX methods, tools, metrics and

criterias

• Be aware of the main UX evaluation methods

– Learn how to select them

• Know how to apply selected UX evaluation tools

• Be able to interpret their results based on specific metrics and criteria.


Teaching activities

Human-Centered Computing


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• Concept– Understand how humans relate to

computational technology

• Sociotechnical systems• Technology acceptance• Innovation diffusion

Actions to earn user trust

Teaching activities

User engagement


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• Concept– The role of User Engagement in HCI

• UE design main components– The role of Persuasion – The role of Trust – The role of Emotion

• On trust– A case study on how to design more

sustainable sharing services with trust

The use of the socio-technical model of trust to inform the design of sharing services


Teaching activities

Web Workshop


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• Concept– Develop responsive Web prototypes

• Design challenges– Responsive Web design;– Coding the responsive Web.

(1) HTML;(2) Coding HTML.(3) CSS;(4) Coding CSS;(5) JavaScript;(6) Coding JavaScript.

Programming workshop6

• Concept– introduction to basic programming

• Object-oriented principles using Java programming language

• Using java to– Develop applications for small

problems (1) Variables and Types;(2) Simple commands and syntax;(3) Logical Operators; and(4) Decision Structures.LEARNMIX

project

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Publications

• A design space for trust enabling interaction design. MIDI 2014, ACM.• Fostering sharing with trust, CHI 2015 ACM. • Value creation through trust in technologically-mediated social participation.

Technology, Innovation and Education, 1 - 9. [forthcoming]

humancomputertrust.wordpress.com

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Reflections

• Trust in… interaction Design• Enables more honest & transparent behaviours

• Facilitates the... Prediction of others activities

• Enables the perception of others competencies

• Creates/supports emphatic relations which, fosters

Social engagement

• Diminish group hostility which, increase group

commitment

• Foster group motivation & willingness to cooperate


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Reflections

• Trust reflects – A confidence and the predisposition to trust another

• This come based on a set of perceptions of – Another as 'trustworthy’– Gain by the ability to observe reinsurance elements

• Trust reflects a balance between– Individual's commitments to engage with

• A certain Tasks, a certain person, a system or community

– And the risk involved

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Future perspectives

• We aim to further explore – How to use trust as an engagement framework

• Siddharth Gulati project and courses

– Our understanding of the role of Trust in Usable security and Privacy domain

• Target application will be e-Government and HCI4D– Baseer Ahmad Baheer project and Scott Stefanski

collaborative project


Thank you for listeningThank You

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Perceptions of Trust & Privacy

• Positive correlations between– Privacy awareness & the need to be assured that

the interaction environment is protected from potential threats

– Need for control how and with whom they share• Personal/private content• Teacher's feedback (assessment)• Assignments

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Trust & collaboration

• How willing are you to commit?– Was their major need, to predict/observe others

• Attitudes to fulfill what was expected

• Trust influenced group commitments– Group collaboration dynamic

Future perspectives
