INDUSTRIALIZATION AND

NATIONALISM

INDUSTRIALIZATION• Why did it begin in Great Britain?• Agrarian revolution led to increased food

supply• Enclosure Acts forced peasants to move to

towns and cities, increasing the labor force• Lax government control of businesses

allowed entrepreneurs to make money• Excess raw materials, including iron ore and coal• Colonial Empire allowed for ready markets

• On the next two slides choose three inventions or improvements that you find interesting and add them into the open lines of your notes. Include all the information you think is important.

INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

• James Watt invented the steam engine that could drive machinery; first used in textiles which increased cotton clothes production

• Henry Cort invented “puddling”, a process which removed impurities in iron maker it stronger

• Richard Trevithick invented the steam locomotive in 1804

• Robert Fulton built the first paddle wheeled steamboat in 1807

INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

• Louis Pasteur: developed the germ theory of disease

• Dmitri Mendeleyev: classified elements based on their atomic weight (the Periodic Table)

• Charles Darwin: “Origin of Species”, about evolution and natural selection (i.e., survival of the fittest)

SOCIAL IMPACT• From 1750-1850, European population almost

doubled• Rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living

conditions for the urban poor• Social Classes: Industrial Middle Class (owners of

factories and developer of markets) Industrial Working Class (worked 12 to 16 hour days, 6 days a week; included women and children)

EARLY SOCIALISM • Early Socialism: economic system in which the

government owns the means of production and allows a more equal distribution of wealth

• Called “utopian socialists”, they created a hypothetical society in which every ones needs would be met

• Robert Owen attempted to build a utopian society in New Lanark Scotland and New Harmony Indiana

CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• Congress of Vienna: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia arranged a peace settlement after the final defeat of Napoleon

• Rearranged territories in Europe to prevent one country from becoming more powerful than the others

• These rulers believed in conservatism, based on tradition and social stability

• Also adopted the “Principle of Intervention” which would allow foreign powers to invade other countries which were going through revolutions

• Agreed to later meetings, called “the Concert of Europe”

FORCES OF CHANGE• Liberalism: philosophy that grew from the

Enlightenment; believed that people should be as free as possible from government restraints

• Included protection of civil liberties, religious toleration, and separation of church and state

• Favored constitutional governments, but not democracy

• Nationalism: people identified as part of a community based off of language, common institutions, and customs called a nation

BREAKDOWN• Crimean War: 1853-1856; Russia declared war on

the weakened Ottoman Empire• Great Britain and France sided with the Ottoman

Empire fearing Russia’s growing power• Austria did not support it’s ally, Russia• Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1856• Russia lost and withdrew from European affairs,

and Austria was left without any real allies

STOP HERE

UNIFICATION• ITALY• King Victor Emmanuel II ruled northern Piedmont

region of Italy• His minister Camillo di Cavour made an alliance

with the French emperor Louis Napoleon • In 1859, Cavour provoked Austria into a war.

France sided with the Piedmont • Other Italian states revolted and joined with the

Piedmont

UNIFICATION• ITALY• Giuseppe Garibaldi: led a revolt against the

Bourbon Monarchs of Sicily and Naples• Army was called Red Shirts due to their uniform• By 1860, Garibaldi controlled Sicily and Naples• He turned his state over to Victor Emmanuel II• On March 17, 1861, The State of Italy was

declared• Gained Venetia in 1866, and Rome in 1870

UNIFICATION• GERMANY• King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von

Bismarck as Prime Minister• Von Bismarck used military strength and political

maneuvering to form the North German Confederation

• He started wars with Denmark and Austria and expanded Prussian power

UNIFICATION• GERMANY• The southern German states allied with the north

because they feared France • In 1870, von Bismarck provoked France into a war

over the dispute for the throne of Spain• The southern German states supported the north• On January 18, 1871 at Versailles, William I of Prussia

was crowned Kaiser of the Second German Empire• Paris surrendered on Jan 28, 1871• France lost Alsace and Lorraine and had to pay 5 billion Francs to Germany

NATIONALISM• Great Britain • Great Britain managed to avoid the revolutions of

the 1800’s• Parliament made laws granting more men the

right to vote as well as social reforms to maintain stability

• Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 -1901and oversaw a prosperous Great Britain known as the

“The Victorian Age”

NATIONALISM • FRANCE• Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III in

1852• He modernized and rebuilt France and even

began liberalizing the government and gave the legislature more power

• Louis-Napoleon was captured during the Franco-Prussian war and died in exile in England in 1873

• France started the Third Republic

NATIONALISM• AUSTRIA• Lost power during their war with Prussia• Compromise of 1867 split Austria and Hungary,

each with it’s own constitution, government, and capital

• Each was ruled by the same monarch• Both used the same military, currency, and

foreign policy

NATIONALISM • RUSSIA• After their loss in the Crimean War, Russia

realized it had fallen behind the rest of Europe• Czar Alexander II attempted reforms, including

freeing the serfs• Alexander II was assassinated by radicals, and

Alexander III returned to the old ways• Serf emancipation had the opposite effect,

leading to starving peasants and not enough land

NATIONALISM • UNITED STATES• In the early 1800’s, the government was divided

between Federalists (favoring strong federal government) and Republicans (favoring state’s power over federal power)

• By 1860, the South's economy was based on cotton, which relied on slave labor

• In the North, abolitionists sought an end to all slavery

NATIONALISM • UNITED STATES• Abraham Lincoln was elected President in

November 1860• In February 1861, southern states formed the

“Confederate States of America”• The Civil War began April 1861 and ended April

1865