S.S. projectS.S. project

Name :- Ashutosh, ZaidName :- Ashutosh, Zaid

Roll no.:- 3,25Roll no.:- 3,25

Subject:- Industry, Textile Subject:- Industry, Textile industry in Indiaindustry in India

What is an industryWhat is an industry

Definition of IndustryDefinition of Industry As per the Industrial Disputes As per the Industrial Disputes

Act,1947 “Industry” means any Act,1947 “Industry” means any systematic activity carried on by systematic activity carried on by co-operation between an co-operation between an employer and his workmen employer and his workmen whether such workmen are whether such workmen are employed by such employer employed by such employer directly or by or through any directly or by or through any agency, including a contractor) agency, including a contractor) for the production ,supply or for the production ,supply or aa

distribution of goods or services distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy human with a view to satisfy human wants or wishes (not being wants wants or wishes (not being wants or wishes which are merely or wishes which are merely spiritual or religious in nature), spiritual or religious in nature), whether or not,- whether or not,-

any capital has been invested for any capital has been invested for the purpose of carrying on such the purpose of carrying on such activity; oractivity; or

such activity is carried on with a such activity is carried on with a motive to make any gain or profit, and motive to make any gain or profit, and includes-includes-any activity of the Dock Labour any activity of the Dock Labour

Board established under section 5-A Board established under section 5-A of the Dock Workers ( Regulation of of the Dock Workers ( Regulation of Employment)Act,1948( 9 of 1948);Employment)Act,1948( 9 of 1948);

any activity relating to the any activity relating to the promotion of sales or business or promotion of sales or business or both carried on by an establishment,both carried on by an establishment,

but does not include-but does not include- any agricultural operation any agricultural operation except where such agricultural except where such agricultural operation is carried on in an operation is carried on in an integrated manner with any integrated manner with any other activity (being any such other activity (being any such activity as is referred to in the activity as is referred to in the foregoing provisions of this foregoing provisions of this clause) and such other activity clause) and such other activity is the predominant one.is the predominant one.

Explanation:- For the purposes of Explanation:- For the purposes of this sub-clause ,” agricultural this sub-clause ,” agricultural operation” does not include any operation” does not include any activity carried on in a plantation activity carried on in a plantation as defined in clause (f) of section 2 as defined in clause (f) of section 2 of the Plantation Labour Act,1951; of the Plantation Labour Act,1951; oror

hospitals or dispensaries; orhospitals or dispensaries; oreducational, scientific, research educational, scientific, research to training institutions ; orto training institutions ; or

institutions owned or institutions owned or managed by managed by organizations wholly or organizations wholly or substantially engaged in substantially engaged in any charitable ,social or any charitable ,social or philanthropic service; orphilanthropic service; or

khadi or village khadi or village industries ; orindustries ; or

any activity of the any activity of the Government relatable to the Government relatable to the sovereign functions of the sovereign functions of the Government including all the Government including all the activities carried on by the activities carried on by the departments of the Central departments of the Central Governments dealing with Governments dealing with defence research , atomic defence research , atomic energy and space ; orenergy and space ; or

any domestic service ;orany domestic service ;or

any activity ,being a any activity ,being a profession practiced by an profession practiced by an individual or body of individual or body of individuals ,if the number individuals ,if the number of persons employed by of persons employed by the individuals or body of the individuals or body of individuals in relation to individuals in relation to such profession is less such profession is less than ten; orthan ten; or

any activity , being an any activity , being an activity carried on by a co-activity carried on by a co-operative society or a club or operative society or a club or any other like body of any other like body of individuals , if the number of individuals , if the number of persons employed by the co-persons employed by the co-operative society ,club or operative society ,club or other like body of individuals other like body of individuals in relation to such activity is in relation to such activity is less than ten;less than ten;

Definition of Industrial DisputeDefinition of Industrial DisputeAs per Section 2(k) of ID Act,1947As per Section 2(k) of ID Act,1947 “ “industrial dispute” means any industrial dispute” means any

dispute or difference between dispute or difference between employers and employers ,or employers and employers ,or between employers and workmen, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen , between workmen and workmen , which is connected with the which is connected with the employment or non-employment or employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour , of any person;conditions of labour , of any person;

Definition of WorkmanDefinition of WorkmanAs per Section 2(s) of ID Act,1947As per Section 2(s) of ID Act,1947““workman” means any person workman” means any person

(including an apprentice) employed (including an apprentice) employed in any industry to do any in any industry to do any manual ,unskilled ,skilled ,technical ,manual ,unskilled ,skilled ,technical ,operational ,clerical or supervisory operational ,clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward ,whether the work for hire or reward ,whether the terms of employment be express or terms of employment be express or implied ,and for the purposes of anyimplied ,and for the purposes of any

proceeding under this Act in relation proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute ,includes to an industrial dispute ,includes any such person who has been any such person who has been dismissed ,discharged or retrenched dismissed ,discharged or retrenched in connection with ,or as a in connection with ,or as a consequence of ,that dispute ,or consequence of ,that dispute ,or whose dismissal ,discharge or whose dismissal ,discharge or retrenchment has led to that retrenchment has led to that dispute ,but does not include any dispute ,but does not include any such person-such person-

who is subject to the Air Force who is subject to the Air Force Act,1950 (45 of 1950),or the Army Act,1950 (45 of 1950),or the Army Act,1950(46 of 1950), or the Navy Act,1950(46 of 1950), or the Navy Act,1957(62 of 1957); orAct,1957(62 of 1957); or

who is employed in the police who is employed in the police service or as an officer or other service or as an officer or other employee of a prison; oremployee of a prison; or

who is employed mainly in a who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative managerial or administrative capacity; orcapacity; or

who, being employed in a who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding one thousand wages exceeding one thousand six hundred rupees per six hundred rupees per exercises ,either by the nature exercises ,either by the nature of the duties attached to the of the duties attached to the office or by reason of the office or by reason of the powers vested in him ,functions powers vested in him ,functions mainly of a managerial nature.mainly of a managerial nature.

Types of IndustryTypes of Industry

1. Cottage industry1. Cottage industry

"Cottage industries" is a term that was used "Cottage industries" is a term that was used prevalently during the eighteenth and prevalently during the eighteenth and nineteenth and centuries to describe the nineteenth and centuries to describe the home-based system of manufacturing. This home-based system of manufacturing. This term is also used today to refer to goods or term is also used today to refer to goods or services that are produced at home. Sewing, services that are produced at home. Sewing, craft production, sales and marketing, typing, craft production, sales and marketing, typing, bookkeeping, and auto repair are just a few bookkeeping, and auto repair are just a few examples of home-based employment.examples of home-based employment.

2.Small scale industry2.Small scale industry

SSI – Definition in BriefSSI – Definition in BriefSmall Scale Industrial units are those Small Scale Industrial units are those engaged in manufacturing, processing engaged in manufacturing, processing or preservation of goods with or preservation of goods with investment in Plant and Machinery investment in Plant and Machinery (original cost) not to exceed Rs.1 Crore(original cost) not to exceed Rs.1 Crore

In case of ancillary units also, the In case of ancillary units also, the investment in Plant & Machinery investment in Plant & Machinery (original cost) should not exceed (original cost) should not exceed Rs. 1 crore to get classified Rs. 1 crore to get classified under Small Scale Industryunder Small Scale Industry

The investment limit of Rs. 1 crore The investment limit of Rs. 1 crore for classification as SSI has been for classification as SSI has been enhanced to Rs. 5 crore in respect enhanced to Rs. 5 crore in respect of certain specified items like of certain specified items like hosiery, hand tools, all Drug & hosiery, hand tools, all Drug & Pharmaceuticals by Government of Pharmaceuticals by Government of IndiaIndia

Small Scale Service/ Business Small Scale Service/ Business Enterprises (SSSBE) having Enterprises (SSSBE) having investment in fixed assets (excluding investment in fixed assets (excluding land and building) up to Rs.10 lacs land and building) up to Rs.10 lacs and registered as such, are also and registered as such, are also classified as SSI for the purpose.classified as SSI for the purpose.

The status of “Tiny enterprises” The status of “Tiny enterprises” may be given to all Small Scale may be given to all Small Scale units whose investment in Plant units whose investment in Plant & Machinery is up to Rs.25 lacs, & Machinery is up to Rs.25 lacs, irrespective of the location of the irrespective of the location of the unitunit

Medium Enterprises are defined Medium Enterprises are defined as units with investment in plant as units with investment in plant and machinery of above Rs. 1 and machinery of above Rs. 1 crore and up to Rs. 10 crorescrore and up to Rs. 10 crores

Artisans, Village and Cottage Artisans, Village and Cottage Industry has been defined as Industry has been defined as Artisans (irrespective of location) or Artisans (irrespective of location) or Small Industrial activities (Viz. Small Industrial activities (Viz. manufacturing, processing, manufacturing, processing, preservation and servicing) in preservation and servicing) in villages and small towns with a villages and small towns with a population not exceeding 50000, population not exceeding 50000, involving utilization of locally involving utilization of locally available natural resources and / or available natural resources and / or human skills (where individual credit human skills (where individual credit requirement does not exceed requirement does not exceed Rs.50,000/-)Rs.50,000/-)

YEAR INVESTMENT YEAR INVESTMENT LIMITS1960Upto Rs 5 lacs in LIMITS1960Upto Rs 5 lacs in Plant & Machinery1966Upto Rs Plant & Machinery1966Upto Rs 7.5 lacs in Plant & 7.5 lacs in Plant & Machinery1975Upto Rs 10 lacs Machinery1975Upto Rs 10 lacs in Plant & Machinery1980Upto in Plant & Machinery1980Upto Rs 20 lacs in Plant &Rs 20 lacs in Plant &

Machinery1985Upto Rs 35 Machinery1985Upto Rs 35 lacs in Plant & lacs in Plant & Machinery1991Upto Rs 60 Machinery1991Upto Rs 60 lacs in Plant & lacs in Plant & Machinery1997Upto Rs 100 Machinery1997Upto Rs 100 lacs in Plant & Machinerylacs in Plant & Machinery

1999Upto Rs 100 lacs in Plant 1999Upto Rs 100 lacs in Plant & Machinery  & Machinery 

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION OF SSIs: OF SSIs:

A common classification is A common classification is between traditional small between traditional small industries and modern small industries and modern small industries. Traditional small industries. Traditional small industries include khadi and industries include khadi and handloom, village industries, handloom, village industries, handicrafts, sericulture, coir, handicrafts, sericulture, coir, etc. Modern SSIs produce etc. Modern SSIs produce wide range of goodswide range of goods

from comparatively simple items t from comparatively simple items t sophisticated products such as sophisticated products such as television sets, electronics, control television sets, electronics, control system, various engineering system, various engineering products, particularly as ancillaries products, particularly as ancillaries to the large industries. The to the large industries. The traditional small industries are traditional small industries are highly labour-intensive while the highly labour-intensive while the modern small-scale units make the modern small-scale units make the use of highly sophisticated use of highly sophisticated machinery and equipment. machinery and equipment.

Obviously, these industrial units Obviously, these industrial units would behaving higher labour would behaving higher labour productivity. One special productivity. One special characteristic of traditional small-characteristic of traditional small-scale industries is that they scale industries is that they cannot provide full time cannot provide full time employment to workers, but employment to workers, but instead can provide only instead can provide only subsidiary or  part time subsidiary or  part time employment to agricultural employment to agricultural laborers and artisans. laborers and artisans.

Among traditional village Among traditional village industries, handicrafts possess industries, handicrafts possess the highest labour productivity, the highest labour productivity, besides handicrafts make a besides handicrafts make a significant contribution to significant contribution to earning foreign exchange for earning foreign exchange for the country. Nowadays Indian the country. Nowadays Indian small-scale industries (SSIs) are small-scale industries (SSIs) are mostly modern small-mostly modern small-scaleindustries. scaleindustries.

Modernization has widened the Modernization has widened the list of products offered by this list of products offered by this industry. The items industry. The items manufactured in modern Small-manufactured in modern Small-scale service & Business scale service & Business enterprises inIndia now include enterprises inIndia now include rubber products, plastic rubber products, plastic products, chemical products, products, chemical products, glass andceramics, mechanical glass andceramics, mechanical engineering items, hardware, engineering items, hardware,

electrical items, transport electrical items, transport equipment, electronic equipment, electronic components and components and equipments, automobile equipments, automobile parts, bicycle parts, parts, bicycle parts, instruments, sports goods, instruments, sports goods, stationery items and clocks stationery items and clocks and watches.and watches.

For instance, during 1979-80, For instance, during 1979-80, traditional small-scale industries traditional small-scale industries accounted for only 135 of the accounted for only 135 of the total output but their share in total output but their share in total employment was 56%. As total employment was 56%. As against this, the share of modern against this, the share of modern industries in the total output of industries in the total output of this sector was 74% in 1979-80 this sector was 74% in 1979-80 but their share in employment but their share in employment was only 33%. was only 33%.

ROLE OF SMALL SCALE ROLE OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIAN ECONOMYINDUSTRIES IN INDIAN ECONOMY

The small-scale industrial sector plays The small-scale industrial sector plays a pivotal role in the Indian economy in a pivotal role in the Indian economy in terms of employment and growth has terms of employment and growth has recorded a high rate of growth since recorded a high rate of growth since Independenceinspite of stiff Independenceinspite of stiff competition from large-scale competition from large-scale industries. There are several important industries. There are several important reasons why these industries are reasons why these industries are contributing a lot to the progress of contributing a lot to the progress of the Indian economy:the Indian economy:

1.PRODUCTION:1.PRODUCTION:

The small-scale industries sector plays The small-scale industries sector plays a vital role in the growth of the a vital role in the growth of the country. It contributes almost 40% of country. It contributes almost 40% of the gross industrial value added in the the gross industrial value added in the Indian economy. It has been estimated Indian economy. It has been estimated that a million Rs. of investment in that a million Rs. of investment in fixed assets in the small scale sector fixed assets in the small scale sector produces 4.62 million worth of goods produces 4.62 million worth of goods or services with an approximate value or services with an approximate value addition of ten percentage points. addition of ten percentage points.

The small-scale sector has grown The small-scale sector has grown rapidly over the years. The growth rapidly over the years. The growth rates during the various plan rates during the various plan periods have been very periods have been very impressive. The number of small-impressive. The number of small-scale units has increased from an scale units has increased from an estimated 0.87 million units in the estimated 0.87 million units in the year 1980-81 to over 3 million in year 1980-81 to over 3 million in the year 2000.When the the year 2000.When the performance of this sector is performance of this sector is viewed against the growth in the viewed against the growth in the manufacturing and the industry manufacturing and the industry sector as a whole, it instills sector as a whole, it instills confidence in the resilience of the confidence in the resilience of the small-scale sector.small-scale sector.

3. Heavy industry3. Heavy industry

Heavy industryHeavy industryOperations & ProductionOperations & Production

manufacturing sector making manufacturing sector making large productslarge products a manufacturing a manufacturing industry that requires a lot of industry that requires a lot of resources, uses heavy raw resources, uses heavy raw materials such as coal, and materials such as coal, and makes large products such as makes large products such as ships or engines ships or engines

Heavy industry is a general term Heavy industry is a general term that can be used to describe a that can be used to describe a variety of industrial concerns and variety of industrial concerns and operations. Generally speaking, operations. Generally speaking, the term describes industrial the term describes industrial processes that are highly capital processes that are highly capital or labor intensive or which or labor intensive or which produce heavy end products. It produce heavy end products. It tends to be difficult to enter into tends to be difficult to enter into this type of industry because the this type of industry because the start-up costs are often quite start-up costs are often quite high. high.

It is also often difficult to It is also often difficult to transport the base transport the base materials or products materials or products involved in heavy industrial involved in heavy industrial processes because of their processes because of their bulk and weight. In fact, the bulk and weight. In fact, the transportation of the transportation of the materials used in heavy materials used in heavy industry is a major and industry is a major and important heavy industry in important heavy industry in its own right.its own right.

Heavy industry is often defined Heavy industry is often defined relative to relative to light industrylight industry, though both , though both have relatively vague definitions that have relatively vague definitions that are often based on each other. Light are often based on each other. Light industry is often used to describe industry is often used to describe industrial concerns and operations industrial concerns and operations that involve less capital, a lighter that involve less capital, a lighter environmental impact, and less environmental impact, and less necessary labor than heavy industry. necessary labor than heavy industry.

In many cases, light industry is In many cases, light industry is much more service oriented, and much more service oriented, and the products developed by light the products developed by light industry are often easier to industry are often easier to transport. The manufacture of transport. The manufacture of clothing, furniture, and consumer clothing, furniture, and consumer electronics falls into the category electronics falls into the category of light industry while the of light industry while the production of automobiles, large production of automobiles, large structures, some military structures, some military equipment, such as tanks and equipment, such as tanks and bombs, is generally considered to bombs, is generally considered to be heavy industry.be heavy industry.

Textile industryTextile industry

Definition of Textile Industry Definition of Textile Industry

The textile industry includes The textile industry includes every business involved in every business involved in growing or producing fibers, such growing or producing fibers, such as sheep farmers and cotton as sheep farmers and cotton growers; those who make the growers; those who make the fiber into thread; those who fiber into thread; those who make the thread into cloth; and make the thread into cloth; and those who dye, bleach and finish those who dye, bleach and finish the cloth. the cloth.

The textile industry also includes The textile industry also includes chemical companies that make chemical companies that make synthetic fibers and all the synthetic fibers and all the resultant products. Then there resultant products. Then there are the wholesalers and retailers are the wholesalers and retailers of all these textiles, and the of all these textiles, and the products that are made from products that are made from them.them.

HistoryHistory

Textiles have been around almost as Textiles have been around almost as long as humankind itself. Early long as humankind itself. Early humans wore animal skins and humans wore animal skins and clothing woven from leaves and clothing woven from leaves and grasses. As humans evolved, so did grasses. As humans evolved, so did the textiles they used in their daily the textiles they used in their daily lives and the processes by which lives and the processes by which they were made significance.they were made significance.

The textile industry affects every The textile industry affects every aspect of our lives. There are textiles aspect of our lives. There are textiles in our cars, on our furniture, hanging in our cars, on our furniture, hanging at our windows, in the carpeting on at our windows, in the carpeting on the floors in our vehicles, homes and the floors in our vehicles, homes and workplaces, and in the clothing on workplaces, and in the clothing on our backs. We dry ourselves with our backs. We dry ourselves with towels and sleep on sheets made by towels and sleep on sheets made by the textile industry. There are even the textile industry. There are even textiles in the bag that carries your textiles in the bag that carries your laptop computer from place to place.laptop computer from place to place.

EffectsEffectsWhole industries rely on the textile Whole industries rely on the textile

industry for their own products, such as industry for their own products, such as the fashion and furniture industries, the fashion and furniture industries, and the carpet and rug manufacturing and the carpet and rug manufacturing industry. The textile industry also industry. The textile industry also serves other segments of the serves other segments of the marketplace, such as those involved in marketplace, such as those involved in the textile arts like quilters and the textile arts like quilters and knitters. Even painters rely on the knitters. Even painters rely on the textile industry for canvas on which to textile industry for canvas on which to paint. paint.

Other artists are actually part of the Other artists are actually part of the textile industry: those who sell their textile industry: those who sell their designs to fabric manufacturers, who designs to fabric manufacturers, who print those designs directly on the fabric print those designs directly on the fabric they make. There are industries that they make. There are industries that have been built on serving the textile have been built on serving the textile industry, such as weaving machinery industry, such as weaving machinery manufacturers, and even software manufacturers, and even software providers who customize software for the providers who customize software for the textile industry.textile industry.

SizeSizeThe textile industry is a multi-billion-The textile industry is a multi-billion-

dollar industry. One small component of dollar industry. One small component of the industry alone--the organic cotton the industry alone--the organic cotton growers (which excludes growers who growers (which excludes growers who don't farm with organic methods and all don't farm with organic methods and all other components of the industry)--other components of the industry)--reached an estimated $3.2 billion in reached an estimated $3.2 billion in 2008, according to the nonprofit Organic 2008, according to the nonprofit Organic Exchange.Exchange.

ConsiderationsConsiderationsOther industries that rely on the Other industries that rely on the textile industry for the success of textile industry for the success of their own business include their own business include manufacturers of embellishments manufacturers of embellishments used on clothing, such as buttons, used on clothing, such as buttons, sequins and zippers; and sequins and zippers; and manufacturers of sewing machines, manufacturers of sewing machines, knitting needles and drapery knitting needles and drapery hardware, just to name a few.hardware, just to name a few.

Types of textile industryTypes of textile industry

Types of textile industry

Cotton textile industry Silk textile industry Jute textile industryWoolen textile industry

1.Cotton textile industry1.Cotton textile industry

IntroductionIntroductionThe textile industry in India The textile industry in India

occupies a unique position in occupies a unique position in our economy contributing to our economy contributing to nearly a third of the country's nearly a third of the country's export earnings. This industry export earnings. This industry includes manufacturers, includes manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and suppliers, wholesalers and exporters of Cotton Textiles, exporters of Cotton Textiles, Handloom, and Woolen Textiles Handloom, and Woolen Textiles etc. etc.

From the production of textile From the production of textile machinery and equipment, dyes machinery and equipment, dyes and raw materials to the delivery of and raw materials to the delivery of finished textiles, fabrics and finished textiles, fabrics and garments, the textile industry in garments, the textile industry in India has the vast potential for India has the vast potential for creation of employment creation of employment opportunities. The number of opportunities. The number of textiles manufacturers, suppliers, textiles manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and textiles exporters wholesalers and textiles exporters in India has increased rapidly after in India has increased rapidly after independence. Today, handloom independence. Today, handloom and cotton textiles exports in India and cotton textiles exports in India is counted among the most is counted among the most important sectors.important sectors.

Origin and HistoryOrigin and History

The cotton plant has always thrived The cotton plant has always thrived in the wild. By contrast, the in the wild. By contrast, the historical origin of its commercial historical origin of its commercial exploitation, particularly with exploitation, particularly with regard to textile uses, is fuzzier. regard to textile uses, is fuzzier. Relevant literary references point Relevant literary references point to two distinct geographical origins to two distinct geographical origins of cultivated cotton, namely, Asia of cultivated cotton, namely, Asia and pre-Columbian America. and pre-Columbian America.

The first cotton fabric would date The first cotton fabric would date back to approximately as early as back to approximately as early as 3,200 BC, as revealed by fragments 3,200 BC, as revealed by fragments of cloth found at the Mohenjo-Daro of cloth found at the Mohenjo-Daro archaeological site on the banks of archaeological site on the banks of the River Indus. From India, cotton the River Indus. From India, cotton textiles probably passed to textiles probably passed to Mesopotamia, where the trade Mesopotamia, where the trade started around 600 years BC. started around 600 years BC.

There is evidence to suggest that trade in There is evidence to suggest that trade in cotton started around Rome at the time cotton started around Rome at the time of Alexander the Great, in the 4th of Alexander the Great, in the 4th century BC. The trade flourished after the century BC. The trade flourished after the discovery of the maritime route passing discovery of the maritime route passing by the Cape of Good Hope and the by the Cape of Good Hope and the establishment of trading posts in India. establishment of trading posts in India. Portuguese trading prominence in this Portuguese trading prominence in this part of the world had been challenged by part of the world had been challenged by other European countries (notably, other European countries (notably, France and England) since 1698. France and England) since 1698.

The Arab conquests introduced the first cotton The Arab conquests introduced the first cotton manufacturing facilities into Spain manufacturing facilities into Spain (Granada), Venice, and Milan. In England, (Granada), Venice, and Milan. In England, the first cotton-spinning factory opened its the first cotton-spinning factory opened its doors in Manchester in 1641. This date doors in Manchester in 1641. This date marked the beginning of the cotton industry marked the beginning of the cotton industry in Europe. The industrial revolution of in Europe. The industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe paved the way eighteenth century Europe paved the way for the most far-reaching, influential for the most far-reaching, influential transformation of cotton textile transformation of cotton textile manufacturing. In this connection, the major manufacturing. In this connection, the major technological innovations were the following:technological innovations were the following:

2. Woolen textile industry2. Woolen textile industry

Woollen textile industry is one of the oldest Woollen textile industry is one of the oldest industries of India. The Aryans knew the industries of India. The Aryans knew the use of wool as far back as 5000 B.C.use of wool as far back as 5000 B.C.

Woollen textile manufacturing was a Woollen textile manufacturing was a handicraft and then a cottage industry run handicraft and then a cottage industry run on very small scale during the historical on very small scale during the historical times. The Indian blankets, lohis, 'namdas', times. The Indian blankets, lohis, 'namdas', shawls etc. were popular in different shawls etc. were popular in different countries in the past. The first woollen mill countries in the past. The first woollen mill 'Lalimli' was set up at Kanpur in 1876.'Lalimli' was set up at Kanpur in 1876.

Later in 1881 in Punjab (Dhariwal) another Later in 1881 in Punjab (Dhariwal) another woollen mill was started. Mumbai in 1882 woollen mill was started. Mumbai in 1882 and Bangalore in 1886 followed suit. The and Bangalore in 1886 followed suit. The industry developed steadily with the industry developed steadily with the increase in population in the country.increase in population in the country.

A recent survey shows that presently, there A recent survey shows that presently, there are over 625 big and small woollen mills are over 625 big and small woollen mills spread over the different parts of the spread over the different parts of the country. There are thousands of hosiery country. There are thousands of hosiery units in the country manufacturing a variety units in the country manufacturing a variety of woollens.The major concentration of the of woollens.The major concentration of the industry is in Punjab, Maharashtra and U.P industry is in Punjab, Maharashtra and U.P these states produce 75% of the total these states produce 75% of the total output.Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal and output.Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal and J & K also have woolen mills.J & K also have woolen mills.

MaharashtraMaharashtraMaharashtra is another important Maharashtra is another important

state of India where woolen mills state of India where woolen mills exist. These are 31 mills. The exist. These are 31 mills. The majority are in Mumbai. Mumbai majority are in Mumbai. Mumbai being a port, it is easy to import wool being a port, it is easy to import wool from Australia, U.K., Italy, etc. from Australia, U.K., Italy, etc. Superior quality fabrics are Superior quality fabrics are manufactured including blended manufactured including blended fiber.fiber.

U.P.U.P.

Kanpur is the most outstanding Kanpur is the most outstanding centre. Mirzapur, Varanasi, centre. Mirzapur, Varanasi, Agra, Tanakpur are other Agra, Tanakpur are other centres. There are nearly 40 centres. There are nearly 40 woollen mills in the state.woollen mills in the state.

GujaratGujarat ..

There are 10 mills in Gujarat, There are 10 mills in Gujarat, Jamnagar, Ahmadabad and Jamnagar, Ahmadabad and Vadodra are the main Vadodra are the main centres.centres.

HaryanaHaryana

Panipat, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Panipat, Bhiwani, Faridabad, GurgaonGurgaon

RajasthanRajasthan..

Bikaner, Bhilwara, Alwar, Bikaner, Bhilwara, Alwar, Sikar, Jaipur, Pushkar and Sikar, Jaipur, Pushkar and Ajmer.Ajmer.

PunjabPunjabPunjab is the leader. There are over 250 Punjab is the leader. There are over 250

small woollen mills in Punjab. Dhariwal in small woollen mills in Punjab. Dhariwal in Gurdaspur district, which is an old centre Gurdaspur district, which is an old centre of the industry, is well known. Amritsar of the industry, is well known. Amritsar and Ludhiana are other centres. The and Ludhiana are other centres. The industry depends upon wool from H.P, J industry depends upon wool from H.P, J 8c K and Australia. The industry gets 8c K and Australia. The industry gets power from Bhalcra Dam. Labour is power from Bhalcra Dam. Labour is available in these centres.available in these centres.

KarnatakaKarnataka

Banglore, BarrelyBanglore, Barrely

West BengalWest Bengal

Kolkata and HowrahKolkata and Howrah

Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir

SrinagarSrinagar

Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh

KuluKulu

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu

Chennai and SalemChennai and Salem

The industry manufactures The industry manufactures different types of woollens different types of woollens like Patti, carpets, hosiery like Patti, carpets, hosiery goods, cloth, blankets, lohis, goods, cloth, blankets, lohis, shawls etc.shawls etc.

Carpets are made in Carpets are made in Mirzapur, Gopiganj, Agra Mirzapur, Gopiganj, Agra (U.P), Srinagar (J.K.), Amritsar (U.P), Srinagar (J.K.), Amritsar (Punjab), Panipat (Haryana), (Punjab), Panipat (Haryana), Jaipur, Bikancr (Rajasthan), Jaipur, Bikancr (Rajasthan), Eluru (A.P), Chennai (T.N.).Eluru (A.P), Chennai (T.N.).

There are certain problems There are certain problems which the industry presently which the industry presently

faces. These are :faces. These are :I. Shortage of raw material.I. Shortage of raw material.II. Lack of modern machines.II. Lack of modern machines.III. Poor quality products.III. Poor quality products.IV Lack of market due to IV Lack of market due to

tropical and sub-tropical tropical and sub-tropical climate of the country.climate of the country.

V. Low productionV. Low production

Export marketsExport markets

The USA, CIS, East European The USA, CIS, East European countries, Canada, Australia, countries, Canada, Australia, Germany, Denmark, France, Germany, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, West Belgium, Netherlands, West Asian countries are major buyers Asian countries are major buyers of Indian woollens. The volume of Indian woollens. The volume and direction of trade keeps on and direction of trade keeps on fluctuating with time.fluctuating with time.

3.Silk textile industry3.Silk textile industry

Sericulture has been carried on in Sericulture has been carried on in India since ancient times. Four India since ancient times. Four varieties of silk are made in India:varieties of silk are made in India:

(i) Mulberry,(i) Mulberry,(ii) Tsar,(ii) Tsar,(iii) Ere,(iii) Ere,(iv) Muga.(iv) Muga.

This industry flourished in India This industry flourished in India under the patronage of ruler of under the patronage of ruler of medieval period.medieval period.

In Jammu and Kashmir and in In Jammu and Kashmir and in West Bengal, the Mughal rulers West Bengal, the Mughal rulers paid special attention towards its paid special attention towards its growth. In 1832, at Howrah the growth. In 1832, at Howrah the East India Company set up the East India Company set up the first silk mill. Later mills were set first silk mill. Later mills were set up in Karnataka in 1845 and in up in Karnataka in 1845 and in Kashmir in 1892.Kashmir in 1892.

Presently there are nearly 300 silk mills Presently there are nearly 300 silk mills functioning in various parts of the functioning in various parts of the country absorbing over 63 lakh people country absorbing over 63 lakh people directly and indirectly.directly and indirectly.

Silk is an export item from India. It Silk is an export item from India. It earned Rs. 1274 crorcs foreign earned Rs. 1274 crorcs foreign exchange in 1999-2000, which is nearly exchange in 1999-2000, which is nearly 3% of total textile exports.3% of total textile exports.

Silk industry has flourished in the states Silk industry has flourished in the states of Karnataka, Assam, Bihar, West of Karnataka, Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and J & K.Bengal and J & K.

Karnataka.Karnataka.

This state accounts for 70% of This state accounts for 70% of India's raw silk production. India's raw silk production. The centres in the districts of The centres in the districts of Bangalore, Tumkur, Belgaum, Bangalore, Tumkur, Belgaum, Mysore, Kolar and Mandya Mysore, Kolar and Mandya are significant.are significant.

West BengalWest Bengal

It contributes nearly 13% of It contributes nearly 13% of silk production of India. The silk production of India. The major districts are Birbhum, major districts are Birbhum, Bankura, Malda and Bankura, Malda and Murshidabad. Baswa, Murshidabad. Baswa, Ragunathpur and Bishenpur..Ragunathpur and Bishenpur..

Jharkhand and Bihar Jharkhand and Bihar StatesStates

These contribute 8% of India's These contribute 8% of India's silk. The main districts are silk. The main districts are Palamau, Ranchi in Jharkhand Palamau, Ranchi in Jharkhand and Bhagalpur in Bihar state.and Bhagalpur in Bihar state.

Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh StatesChhattisgarh States..

Balaghat (M.P), Bastar, Balaghat (M.P), Bastar, Bilaspur and Raigarh districts Bilaspur and Raigarh districts (Chhattisgarh).(Chhattisgarh).

J&K.J&K.

Kashmir Valley's salubrious Kashmir Valley's salubrious climate is very conducive to climate is very conducive to the raising of mulberry silk the raising of mulberry silk worms. The districts are worms. The districts are Baramula, Anantnag, Doda. Baramula, Anantnag, Doda. Other silk producing states Other silk producing states are: U.P. Mirzapur, Varanasi.are: U.P. Mirzapur, Varanasi.

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu..

Coimbatore, Salem, Nilgiri Coimbatore, Salem, Nilgiri districts.districts.

MaharashtraMaharashtra

Bhandara and Chandrapur Bhandara and Chandrapur districts. Mumbai is a leading districts. Mumbai is a leading Silk weaving centre.Silk weaving centre.

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh

Warangal, Kurnool, Adilabad, Warangal, Kurnool, Adilabad, Karimnagar districts. Manipur Karimnagar districts. Manipur and Tripura states also have and Tripura states also have silk textile manufacturingssilk textile manufacturings

Jute textile industryJute textile industry

Jute Industry is one of the Jute Industry is one of the oldest industries of India. It is oldest industries of India. It is a major foreign exchange a major foreign exchange earner for the country as earner for the country as such plays a significant role in such plays a significant role in the economy of the country.the economy of the country.

Jute is one of the most important fibres. Jute is one of the most important fibres. It is used for manufacturing various It is used for manufacturing various items like Hessian, gunny bags, ropes, items like Hessian, gunny bags, ropes, rugs, carpets, etc. Jute bags are in rugs, carpets, etc. Jute bags are in great demand for the storage of great demand for the storage of agricultural and industrial products agricultural and industrial products such as wheat, rice, gram, maize, such as wheat, rice, gram, maize, pulses, sugar, fertilizers, cement etc.pulses, sugar, fertilizers, cement etc.

The other jute products are used The other jute products are used for various other purposes. The for various other purposes. The demand for jute products has demand for jute products has increased mainly on account of increased mainly on account of development of agriculture and development of agriculture and industries in the world.industries in the world.

The history of jute The history of jute manufacturing in India dates manufacturing in India dates back to 1854, when the first mill back to 1854, when the first mill was set up at Rishra near was set up at Rishra near Kolkata, by an Englishman, Kolkata, by an Englishman, George Auckland. By 1860, the George Auckland. By 1860, the Hoogly basin became the centre Hoogly basin became the centre of jute mill industry in India.of jute mill industry in India.

Before independence, India had a Before independence, India had a monopoly in the production of raw monopoly in the production of raw jute and jute manufacturing's in the jute and jute manufacturing's in the world. The partition of the country world. The partition of the country inflicted a severe blow to the jute inflicted a severe blow to the jute industry, with the result that jute industry, with the result that jute mills remained in India, whereas a mills remained in India, whereas a major portion of jute producing area major portion of jute producing area went over to Pakistan.went over to Pakistan.

In 1947-48 production of jute was 16-In 1947-48 production of jute was 16-5 lakh bales as against pre-partition 5 lakh bales as against pre-partition output of 65-7 lakh bales.output of 65-7 lakh bales.

This situation created a crisis in the This situation created a crisis in the jute textile industry and it was further jute textile industry and it was further worsened, when the Pakistan worsened, when the Pakistan Government stopped supply of raw Government stopped supply of raw jute to India.jute to India.

Thus, efforts were made by the Thus, efforts were made by the Government of India for the extension Government of India for the extension of area under jute in the country after of area under jute in the country after independence. From a paltry independence. From a paltry production of about 16-5 lakh bales in production of about 16-5 lakh bales in 1947-48 the production of raw jute 1947-48 the production of raw jute rose to 60 lakh bales in 1961-62 and rose to 60 lakh bales in 1961-62 and 120 lakh bales in 1985-86.120 lakh bales in 1985-86.

There are 69 jute mills in the There are 69 jute mills in the country with a total installed country with a total installed capacity of 44,376 looms. The capacity of 44,376 looms. The industry has absorbed about industry has absorbed about 2-5 lakh industrial workers.2-5 lakh industrial workers.

The most important feature of The most important feature of the jute mill industry in India is the jute mill industry in India is its concentration in the lower its concentration in the lower Hoogly basin, within a radius of Hoogly basin, within a radius of about 64 kms of Kolkata. This about 64 kms of Kolkata. This region alone has 55 jute mills. region alone has 55 jute mills. Jute manufacturing in this Jute manufacturing in this region has responded to a region has responded to a variety of factors. variety of factors.

The factors areThe factors are(i)(i) Raw Jute is locally available.Raw Jute is locally available.(ii)(ii) Coal is available from Raniganj and Coal is available from Raniganj and

Asansol Coalfields, which are situated Asansol Coalfields, which are situated close by.close by.

(iii) Humid climate favours manufacturing (iii) Humid climate favours manufacturing of jute yarn.of jute yarn.

(iv)(iv) Availability of cheap labour from Availability of cheap labour from Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Orissa and Uttar Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Labour is also available in the Pradesh. Labour is also available in the region on account of dense population.region on account of dense population.

(v)(v) Availability of port facilities for import of Availability of port facilities for import of machinery and export of finished products.machinery and export of finished products.

(vi)(vi) Development of means of transportation Development of means of transportation particularly water transportation.particularly water transportation.

(vii)(vii) Developed banking and marketing Developed banking and marketing facilities.facilities.

(viii) Availability of capital for investment in (viii) Availability of capital for investment in jute textile industry from local business men.jute textile industry from local business men.

(ix) Hydro-electricity from Damodar Valley (ix) Hydro-electricity from Damodar Valley Corporation.Corporation.

Thus, the above-mentioned Thus, the above-mentioned factors have played a very factors have played a very significant role in developing significant role in developing jute mills in the Hoogly Basin jute mills in the Hoogly Basin of West Bengal. Jute Centres of West Bengal. Jute Centres have sprung up on both sides have sprung up on both sides of the river.of the river.

The most important centres are The most important centres are Birlapur, Budge Budge, Birlapur, Budge Budge, Uluberia, Kolkata, Bally, Rishra, Uluberia, Kolkata, Bally, Rishra, Titagarh, Serampur, Titagarh, Serampur, Shamnagar, Kankinara, Naihati Shamnagar, Kankinara, Naihati and Bansberia. A variety of and Bansberia. A variety of items are manufactured in items are manufactured in these centres.these centres.

In the state of Andhra In the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 4 jute Pradesh, there are 4 jute mills. The important centres mills. The important centres are Guntur, Ongole, Nelimarla are Guntur, Ongole, Nelimarla and Eluru. In Uttar Pradesh and Eluru. In Uttar Pradesh jute mills have been jute mills have been developed at Kanpur and developed at Kanpur and Gorakhpur.Gorakhpur.

The states of Bihar (3), Andhra The states of Bihar (3), Andhra Pradesh (4), Madhya Pradesh (1) Pradesh (4), Madhya Pradesh (1) and Assam (1) have also Jute mills.and Assam (1) have also Jute mills.

India manufactures over one India manufactures over one million tons of jute goods every million tons of jute goods every year. The year-wise production is year. The year-wise production is as under:as under:

1982-1982- 83 13 4 lakh tonnes 83 13 4 lakh tonnes1983-1983- 84 10-9 lakh tonnes 84 10-9 lakh tonnes1985-86 13 S lakh tonnes1985-86 13 S lakh tonnes

About 35% of the manufactured About 35% of the manufactured jute items are exported. In 1982-jute items are exported. In 1982-83, the country earned Rs. 202-83, the country earned Rs. 202-76 crores by way of exporting 76 crores by way of exporting jute goods, whereas in 1985-86, jute goods, whereas in 1985-86, India exported jute India exported jute manufacturing's worth Rs. 270 manufacturing's worth Rs. 270 crores.crores.

The markets are Australia, The markets are Australia, New Zealand, U.S.A., New Zealand, U.S.A., Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Argentina, and Russia, Argentina, and Russia, European, African and European, African and Middle East countries.Middle East countries.

The jute textile industry faces The jute textile industry faces a number of problems. They a number of problems. They

are:are:(i) Shortage of superior quality (i) Shortage of superior quality

jute, (ii) labour strikes and jute, (ii) labour strikes and lockouts, (iii) old machinery, (iv) lockouts, (iii) old machinery, (iv) competition with Bangladesh competition with Bangladesh products and (v) emergence of products and (v) emergence of Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines and Brazil in the filed of jute production Brazil in the filed of jute production and jute manufacturing's.and jute manufacturing's.

The use of other substitutes The use of other substitutes like bags made of sisal, hemp like bags made of sisal, hemp and synthetic fibers are and synthetic fibers are gradually encroaching market gradually encroaching market of jute manufacturings.of jute manufacturings.

In the recent years cut in In the recent years cut in power supply has become power supply has become another problem for the another problem for the industry. However, the jute industry. However, the jute mill industry has made a mill industry has made a great progress in the country.great progress in the country.

In 1971, Jute Corporation of In 1971, Jute Corporation of India was set up with its India was set up with its headquarters at Kolkata, with headquarters at Kolkata, with a view to stabilize price of a view to stabilize price of raw jute and marketing of raw jute and marketing of jute products abroad.jute products abroad.

The jute industry is traditionally The jute industry is traditionally export oriented. India ranks first export oriented. India ranks first in raw jute and jute goods in raw jute and jute goods production. It ranks second in production. It ranks second in export of jute goods in the export of jute goods in the world. Jute packing materials world. Jute packing materials are facing tough competition are facing tough competition from other low cost synthetic from other low cost synthetic substitutes.substitutes.