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Invited talk at Professional Training Facts 2011, Stuttgart, Germany, October 18-19, 2011
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The Role of Motivational and Affective Aspects:
Empirical Results and Future Directions
Christine KunzmannAndreas Schmidt
FZI Research Center for Information Technologies,
Karlsruhe
Prof
essio
nal T
rain
ing
Fact
s 201
1
22
Motivation is key for knowledge work
“Knowledge workers are those people who have taken responsibility for their work lives. They continually strive to understand the world around them and modify their work practices and behaviors to better meet their personal and organizational objectives. No one tells them what to do. They do not take No for an answer. They are self motivated.”
David Gurteen
33
Emotions and affective aspects, too.
Anxiety
Stress
Joy
Frustration
44
But so far, the perspective has been limited
e.g., incentive systems
55
And what about emotions…
… they should not be part of professionallife, … should they?
66
Research has been fragmented.
Knowledge Management
CSCW
HCIPsycholog
yHR
Development
Sensor engineering
Economics
Each with different ideas of man, research methodologies, …
77
But there are promising approaches …
88
Management & HR: Dan Pink - Drive
▪ Motivation 1.0• largely based on our biological drive• We eat to sate our hunger, we drink to slake our
thirst. ▪ Motivation 2.0
• rewards & punishments, carrots & sticks▪ Motivation 2.1
• flexible schedules, a little bit more autonomy, socially responsible businesses
▪ Motivation 3.0• Autonomy - desire to be self-directed• Mastery – desire to get better• Purpose – a reason for existing
99
Enterprise 2.0
▪ Collaboration behavior and effects of social dynamics
▪ Identifying different personality types
▪ Web 2.0 and basic needs, e.g., Deci & Ryan:• experiencing autonomy• experiencing competence• experiencing social relatedness
1010
Leveraging bio-sensors
▪ Capture activity-level and stress level
▪ Reflect on emotional reactions
▪ Learn about decision behavior• physio-economics
Motivation in knowledge maturing processes
Research on Motivation in the MATURE IP
http://mature-ip.eu
1212
Why is motivation so difficult to address?
▪ There are plenty of models for human motivation in different fields
▪ They help to describe a given situation, but they are of little use for deciding what to do in a (socio-technical) learning support systems.• Frequently only focussed on the individual (psychology)• Or too narrow in their understanding of human needs
▪ Problem: motivation is a generic phenomenon, but can only be addressed in a context-specific way.
▪ Learn about the context▪ empirical studies▪ analysis
framework
▪ Develop context-specific solutions▪ participatory
developmentapproach
1414
Analysis framework
1515
Interview study: Motivational barriers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
unrelated Iaexpressing
ideas
Ibappropriating
ideas
IIdistributing incommunities
IIIformalising
IVad hoc‐training
Vstandardising
num
ber o
f men
tions
phases of KMM
Fear of Disgrace
Loss of Power
Lack of Usability
No Interest
Low Awareness
Lack of Time
1616
Conclusions – what we‘ve learnt so far
▪ Addressing motivational aspects is challenging• multiple factors, individual differences• challenges of interdisciplinary work
▪ Understanding real-world contextes and target persons is most important• Either through immersion in workplace reality• Or captured in narratives
▪ Individual motivation deeply interlinked with team and organizational culture
How can we make technology more
awareof motivational
aspects?
1818
Development methodology
1919
▪Don‘t design for average users!
▪Leave room to users for finding their own way
2020
Challenges
2121
Challenges
▪ Incorporating motivational and affective aspects in (socio-technical) system design is currently more an art than an systematical engineering approach
▪ We need to move towards design patterns.
▪ This requires more investigation into existing systems, successes and failures.
2222
Andreas SchmidtDepartment Manager / Scientific Coordinator MATUREFZI Research Center for Information Technologies, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 10-14 Karlsruhe, GERMANY (http://fzi.de/ipe)[email protected], http://andreas.schmidt.name
Christine KunzmannFZI & Kompetenzorientierte PersonalentwicklungAnkerstr. 47, 75203 Königsbach-Stein, GERMANY, http://[email protected]
Outlook & Contact
MATURE IP – http://mature-ip.euIdentifying and overcoming barriers to knowledgematuring in organizationshttp://mature-ip.eu/files/2009-11_Motivation.pdfhttp://mature-ip.eu/results/representative-study
Acknowledgements:
▪ Picture: poisson rouge sautant d'un aquarium © Simon Coste #543847 – fotolia.com
▪ Others from http://sxc.hu• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/319939_6613• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/143622_4281• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1156284_39977081• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1169790_27775290• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1275937_97948668• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/462280_61402643• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/61022_7814