Telecommunication for high rise building

Building Services 1 Assignment

Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building

Abang Azrin 0319073

Chua Jia Cheng 0315160

Goh Jeng Jhieh 0315080

Jake Sia Chyi Sern 0314396

Kellyann Hiew 0319532

Rachel Ernesta 0317966

1

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2

Installation Process .................................................................................................................... 3

Application.................................................................................................................................. 6

General requirements for a telecommunication system: ....................................................... 6

Safety precautions taken in telecommunication spaces ....................................................... 7

Pathways (Containment systems) ......................................................................................... 8

Other special requirements .................................................................................................... 8

Management System ................................................................................................................. 9

Advantages and Disadvantages .............................................................................................. 11

Advantages of Fiber Optics.................................................................................................. 11

Disadvantages of Fiber Optics............................................................................................. 12

Case Study : Santander Bank Tower ...................................................................................... 13

Introduction........................................................................................................................... 15

The Telecommunication Infrastructure Design.................................................................... 16

Summary .............................................................................................................................. 17

Recommendations for future improvement ............................................................................. 18

Learning from the Group Work Project / Conclusion .............................................................. 21

References and Bibliography................................................................................................... 22

2

Introduction

The topic that our group chose is ‘Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building’.

Telecommunication is a global term that indicates to the exchange of information through

electronic and electrical means over a significant distance. A proper efficient

telecommunication arrangement consists of two or more stations that is supplied with

transmitter and receiver devices. Telecommunication devices include telegraph, telephones,

radio, microwave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the Internet.

(Janssen, Telecommunications). Another term for telecommunications is telecom. Data is

transmitted in the form of electrical signals that is known as carrier waves, which is then

modulated into either analog or digital signals for transmitting the information. Analog

modulation which is used in radio broadcasting is an amplitude modulation. Whereas digital

modulation is just an updated form of this (Janssen, Telecommunications).

Initial telecommunication transmissions used analog signals, which were transmitted over

copper wires. In todays’ modern world, telephone and cable companies are still using these

same lines, though majority of transmissions are now digital. Because of this, current

telecommunications wiring is executed with cables that are optimized for digital

communication, such as the fiber-optic cable and digital phone lines.

As both the analog and digital communications depends on electrical signals, transmitted

data is obtained almost instantaneously, regardless of the distance. This will allow users to

quickly communicate with others across the street or across the globe. (Tech Terms, 2014)

3

Installation Process

Main Distribution Frame (MDF) connects components inside a telecommunications facility to

cables and subscriber carrier equipment. Every cable that supplies services to user

telephones lines ends up at main distribution frame and is distributed through main

distribution frame to equipment within local exchanges. Cabinet provides the termination of

individual twisted pairs of telephony local loops for onward connection back to nearest

telephone exchange. Jumpering process is done in cabinet. Cabling is drawn to a building

through overhead cable from distribution point. Cable-based casting service to building will

go through basement floor and then reach to the main telecom room through entry ducts. In

a Main Telecom Room (MTR), it consists of cable trays or conduits and risers to provide

horizontal and vertical services. Risers must be provided in multi-tenant buildings to allow

the installation of telecom cables from the main telecom room to the floor telecom closets.

Hot-Dip Galvanized (HDG) slotted steel cable trays must be provided in the risers to carry

the telecom cables between all the telecom rooms. For high rise buildings exceeding 30

floors, a Floor Telecom Closet (FTC) must be selected for every 10 floors. Multicore fibre

cable must be installed in a mini Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) inside the floor telecom

closet, where the number of fibre core will depend on the number of units in each served

floor.

Figure 1

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Figure 2 : Main Telecom Room (MTR)

Figure 3 : Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)

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Figure 4 : Floor Distribution Closet (FDC)

6

Application

The typical requirement for high-rise buildings is to provide the needed capacity to the

people working/living/staying inside the venue, whereby most of these people demand for a

high-speed service with picks of traffic. Nowadays, the world has been very much settled

with the introduction of high-speed connections via optical fibre technology. Fibre technology

is a high quality, “future-proof” telecommunications and multimedia services provided for

tenants. It meets the growing demand for improved communications at work, home, in

business and also in public services.

Application of a good telecommunication services in high-rise building needs to be very well

planned. This could avoid amendments after the completion of the building. Clients are

advised to use qualified and certified professionals in all aspects of the application and

implementation of the telecommunication service design during building construction stages.

To receive a better and a more satisfactory end product, developers are encouraged to

engage with the telecommunication company in the early stages so that any process or

design issues may be resolved.

General requirements for a telecommunication system:

Spaces and Rooms

A number of telecom rooms will be required in a building depending on its characteristics,

namely, main telecom room, mobile service room, rooftop mobile service room and floor

telecom closet. In our case, a high-rise building should acquire telecom rooms that are

vertically aligned and linked by a shared containment system. This containment system must

not reduce the minimum requested space. All telecom rooms must be dedicated for the use

of the telecommunication company, for example Tm. These rooms must be easily accessible

to Tm’s personnel, 24 hours a day and secured from unauthorized entry.

Telecom room’s locations have to be properly planned. It must not be in close proximity to

any sources of heat, moisture, high voltages, corrosive atmospheric or environmental

conditions, radio frequency and electro-magnetic interference. Besides that, the rooms must

not be directly beneath or next to wet areas such as showers, washrooms, swimming pool

and garbage area.

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All telecom spaces and pathways must be pest controlled using only the best available

practices. It should be noted that rodents often gnaw cables resulting in damage and the

potential for service disruption, hence, special attention are needed for these cases. This

could involve the installation of covers to cable trays. As for the walls, floor and ceiling, it

should be painted and treated with anti-dust and anti-static coating to minimize dust and

static electricity. Walls and ceilings shall receive primer and finish coat of light colour paint.

Safety precautions taken in telecommunication spaces:

All telecom spaces should be fitted with smoke detectors, which is connected to the

building management system.

All telecom spaces should be fitted with emergency lighting.

All containment openings to telecom spaces must be sealed with a regulation fire

retardant material.

All doors to telecom rooms must be of solid wood core or steel construction, fire

retardant with a minimum rating of 2 hours.

All doors to telecom rooms must be outward opening with an automatic door closer

system fitted on the hinged edge.

All doors to telecom rooms must be labeled.

The room must be free from contaminants and pollutants.

All telecom rooms should have basic firefighting provision of handheld fire

extinguishers.

8

Pathways (Containment systems)

Requirements applied to containment systems:

The containment system must be designed so that installed cables do not exceed the

minimum specified bend radius.

All metal containment parts must be free from sharp edges and earth bonded.

Telecom riser openings must be sealed with a suitable fire retardant material.

Cable trays must be easily accessible in common areas to facilitate any future

provision of additional cables.

Any cable trays that are in areas accessible to the public and less than 4.8m above

the floor must be covered.

Containment systems must not run through areas exposed to excessive heat,

moisture, corrosive atmospheric or environmental conditions, high voltages, radio

frequency interference (RFI) or electro-magnetic interference (EMI).

For all containment systems a minimum separation must be maintained from sources

of electromagnetic interference.

Other special requirements

Provision needs to be made for the connection of public phones, ATM machines and retail

kiosks. A design that is normally prescribed for commercial buildings are installed, with a 2-

core single mode fibre from the main telecom room, connected to a business consolidation

cabinet.

9

Management System

A good telecommunication system is the most important key to a successful office building. It

provides a greater and faster exchange of data between individuals within the building and

connecting them to others anywhere through the whole world. . A good telecommunication

system should be able to reduce toll charges, enhancing the productivity and efficiency,

phone connections and locations can be move, remote and mobile employees, Flexible,

scalable, and customizable. To get a good telecommunication system the first thing to be

considered is the cost. The initial of a good telecommunication system might not be cheap

but in long term a higher quality telecommunication system does not require much

maintenance. The accessibility of telecommunication system to the people in building is also

an important consideration for suitable telecommunication system. The last consideration is

the type of systems that suit the building's work load.

Private automatic branch exchange (PABX) also known as Private branch exchange is

popularly use in high rise building nowadays. It was introduce by the 1960s, which makes

things more easier for a building. PABX allows making calls within the building or it connects

to an outside line without having to go through a receptionist. Most importantly it helps to

reduce costs by cutting down the phone calls within the same building. Nowadays big

buildings and high rises building definitely need a PABX to compete with the others building.

There are 2 main component for Telecommunication systems for high rise buildings which

are the Telecommunications Spaces and Pathways are normally deficient in existing

buildings and the Telecommunications Cabling Systems which is use to link the

telecommunications room together.

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Telecommunications Spaces keep telecommunications equipment and terminations of

telecommunications cables while telecommunications pathways transport the cables. A

typical telecom System according to standards, there must be at least a telecommunications

room (TR) at each floor. Each TR is around 1000 square metres and is dedicated to the

telecommunications function. All of the TR are use to distribute all telecommunications

signals to their significant area. The pathways carries telecommunications cables from the

TR to the vicinity of the area served. Horizontal pathways usually supports a zone-

distribution system which is usually between four columns and ranges in size from 30 to 80

square metres. The equipment room is the central point for telecommunications within the

building. The

only electrical equipment in the Equipment room is the telecommunications equipment. The

equipment room will be larger and have ample space to store LAN servers as well. The

Equipment rooms are usually located in the basement. Equipment room must contains

HVAC, from a separate stand-alone system which is able to operation continuous basis.

Horizontal cabling of the telecommunication cabling system consists of two or more cables

that are connect to each work area from a TR located on the equal floor as the work area.

This is also known as "star wiring" with the TR being analogous to the centre of the star and

each work area being analogous to the points of the star. Each cable is terminated at the

cross-connection field in the TR. A number of spare horizontal cables are installed for future

renovations purpose. Different types of cabling may be used for horizontal and backbone

cabling. The standards limit the length of horizontal cabling to 90 metres. The most popular

used horizontal cabling is the 4-pair unshielded-twisted pair (UTP) cable. It can transmit both

voice and data applications. Backbone cables connect each TR to the main cross-connect

which is store in the Equipment room. A "Star" topology used for backbone cabling as the

main cross-connect is act as the center of the star. The backbone cabling extends from the

main cross-connect to the demarcation point where the facilities of different

telecommunications common which is serving the building that are located in the Entrance

Room. Backbone cabling usually consists of 3 multi-pair UTP for telephone service and

optical fiber for data. Coaxial cable may be used in both the horizontal and backbone cabling

for special services such as CCTV.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

Originally, copper was used as the telephone line. It was shortly replaced by fiber optics due

to higher bandwidth over longer distances which give better coverage. Fiber optics is the

technique of light transmission through fibers of glass which results in the transmitting of

data. In other words, fiber optic cables carry information between two places using entirely

light-based technology. This means that data can be transferred significantly quicker.

Compared to other materials, fiber optics is the most commonly used material in

telecommunications. As good as it sound, fiber optics does have its disadvantages.

Advantages of Fiber Optics

Large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter

Nowadays, programs require more and more bandwidth. Consequently, it is crucial to take

into consideration the limitations faced by the consumers. It is not uncommon to install new

cabling to previously existing duct systems. Installations are now easy and practical and

saves valuable conduit space since the optical cable is relatively small in diameter and light

weight.

Resistance to electromagnetic interference

As a result of fiber being so resistant to electromagnetic interference, fiber has a very low

rate of bit error (10 EXP-13). Fiber-optic transmissions are virtually noise free.\

Long-distance signal transmission

While single-line, voice-grade copper systems longer than a couple of kilometers (1.2 miles)

require in-line signal for satisfactory performance, it is not unusual for optical systems to go

over 100 kilometers (km), or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing. The low

attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals

of signal transmission than metallic-based systems.

Designed for future applications

As electronics prices drop, the optical cable pricing remains low. In many cases, fiber

solutions are cheaper than copper. As bandwidth demands increase rapidly with

technological advances, fiber will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of

telecommunication.

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Security

Hacking into the fiber requires intervention that cannot go undetected by security. These

circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to those with major security concerns. Unlike

metallic-based systems, the dielectric nature of optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely

detect the signal being transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by accessing

the optical fiber.

Disadvantages of Fiber Optics

Susceptibility to physical damage

Since fiber small and light weight, it is likely to become damaged or cut during installation. It

is necessary to take into consideration restoration, backup and survivability when fiber optic

cabling is chosen as the transmission medium. In places that use fiber optics such as

railroads, if the railroad car happens to derail, it can pose a serious threat that can disrupt

service and events since the tremendous data transmission will be lost.

Installation costs, while dropping, are still high

Even though fiber installations are getting cheaper every year, it is still relatively costly. Fiber

is expanding beyond its original realm and major application in the carrier backbone and is

moving into the local loop, and through technologies such as FTTx (Fiber To The Home,

Premises, etc,) and PONs (Passive Optical networks), enabling subscriber and end user

broadband access as installation costs decreases.

Special test equipment is often required

The test equipment originally used for electron-based networking is useless in a fiber optic

network. Equipment such as an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is required, an

expensive, specialized optical test equipment are needed at most fiber endpoints and

connection nexuses to properly provide testing of optical fiber.

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Case Study : Santander Bank Tower

Figure 5 : Proposed Santander Bank Tower

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Figure 6 : Plan view of the proposed Santander Bank Tower

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Introduction

The Santander tower is a proposed multi storey building of 52 storeys, at 860 ft. The building

was designed by kohn Pedersen fox associates upon winning a competition to design the

building. Kohn Pedersen fox is a well renowned award winning architectural firm and very

reputable for incorporate sustainability within their designs.

The proposed building was designed to provide the client, the Santander bank group, a

building for one of their many cooperate offices. Santander bank is a Spanish bank funded in

approximately a century ago in 1957, it is one of the Top retail banks in the world.

The main objective of the client, was to provide a hurricane proof building and a certified

LEED gold, aiming to stand out amongst the neighbouring buildings architecturally and

sustainably. Furthermore it will not only hope to create an ecological impact but to also

create economic opportunities through the design itself.

This building was chosen for this particular case study because the telecommunication

design features within the building itself is also as impressive as the architectural attributes

for it not only is designed to be sustainable by incorporating low voltage engineering but it is

designed to include the best cabling systems as well. The telecommunication design made

by Ferguson consulting.

High rise buildings such as the proposed 52 storey Santander bank tower, the demand for

telecom services increases whether it be through telephone services or internet connection.

These provisions were made through careful planning design of telecommunication within

the infrastructure.

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The Telecommunication Infrastructure Design

In a high rise multi store building, such as the one mentioned above there are several major

factors that should be taken into consideration. These factors includes, uniformity, the

continuous dominant signal inside the building itself and quality. In order to achieve and

ensure good wireless coverage and traffic load management of the occupant’s usage,

several features and technologies were proposed to be incorporated within the design of the

building. The 860 ft. building telecommunications services are catered by the provision of:

Riser Cable

Multi conductor copper backbone riser cable was used as well as an OM4 type glass fibre

optic cable for better transmission. These cables and single mode fibre stretched from the

data centre to each IDF rooms respectively along the length of the high rise building.

Raised Access Floors and IDF Rooms/Closets

The horizontal cabling is made of Cat 6+ fibre. Category 6+ cabling standard is similar to that

of category 5/5e however it is of larger diameter and made up of larger copper conductor.

This allows it to transmit a stronger signal as well as a faster signal to the receiver compared

to the lower standard of cabling (Anon, 2014).

The tenant floors include raised access floor to cater for the horizontal cabling to the IDF

closet per floor and to the additional tenant IDF closets in their lease space. The tenant may

choose to have their own telecommunication services and/or lease intra-building fibre links

between office levels.

Data centre

The building contains a 1,100sf data centre located on the ground floor. It designed to

ANSI/TIA/EIA-942 telecommunication infrastructure standard for data centre in the United

States. The data centre is used to house equipment such as servers, to manage data and

other it related operation of the building. The data centre will be located on the ground level

of the building.

Internet Security system

The internet based security system is a system that will enable each tenant to manage their

own independent office space with further control by the building management of the

Santander building

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Figure 7 : Section view of the proposed Santander Bank Tower

Summary

“Santander Bank shrunk the size of the project. The height of an office tower has been

dropped from 950 feet to 844 feet” (The Real Deal Miami, 2014). This is due to the fact that it

has been revealed by the federal aviation administration in the u.s that the height of the

tower would disrupt flights. However as a result of the delay to construct the approval for

built was expired but it has been reported to be recently renewed and the approval is to be

expired in October 2015.

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Recommendations for future improvement

As the Santander Office Tower is a 52 story high rise tenant office building, it is likely to have

a great deal of different office departments within the building. To assist with the

telecommunication of the various offices, a PABX can be installed. PABX which stands for

‘Private Automatic Branch eXchange’ is a technology used by call centers and other large

organizations which allows a single access number to provide several lines to outside callers

while providing a range of external lines to internal callers or staff (Janssen, Private

Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)). PABX is beneficial as it is an automated telephone

switching system within the private enterprise. It operates all the switching necessary for

making internal calls between extensions within the organization. In addition, it transfers a

connection between extension and external phone lines. With PABX, the only time an

operator is needed is when supplying information and to occasionally provide manual

connections for callers who are unfamiliar with the system or the organization.

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 8 & 9 : Example of PBX system

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Special facilities have to be provided when the communication system has more than 64

extensions.

Equipment room

A room for exclusive use of the provider is needed for the telephone equipment. The room

should be accessed by the underground cables, fibre optic cables, patch panel and the

distribution to the floor cables. The main telecom room can be considered for PABX

installation in case of commercial single owner building.

Room size

• For up to 100 extensions, the minimum floor space required is 2m X 3m

• For up to 400 extensions, the floor space required is 4m X 4m

• For large systems Etisalat must be consulted at the planning stage

• The room should have a minimum height of 3m, be air-conditioned, clean, and dry and

free from dust

Room general requirements

• The room should be far away from high voltage plant. Other services/utility ducts should

not run through this room and it should not be directly under a toilet or bathroom, kitchen

and electrical rooms

• The room should provide ready access to the provider’s personnel or the provider’s

authorized personnel and equipment but must be secured from unauthorized entry

• The room must be properly protected from the risk of flooding if provided in the

basement

• In multi-PBX user building, each is PBX to have its own room

• Raised flooring should be provided when required depending on the PBX type

• For large PBX installations, air-conditioned battery room adjacent to the equipment room

will be required. The provider should supply details at the design stage. The battery room

should be provided with an exhaust fan. Conduit or tray is required between the

equipment room and the battery room

• Direct sunlight should not fall in the PBX room. Curtains/screens are to be provided for

the windows if any

• Power conduit and telecom cable conduit must be separate

20

Electrical requirements

• A minimum of two 13 amp 240 v A/C main outlets (via) UPS system should be provided.

The actual mains power requirements will depend on the size and type of the PBX

• The room should be provided with an earth not more than 5 ohms

• Anti-static flooring should be provided, including the battery room

• The rooms must be provided with an emergency light, a smoke detector and a fire alarm

PABX can be installed in the main telecom room in the case of a single owner.

(Etisalat, 2013)

Figure 10 : An example of how PABX fuctions

21

Learning from the Group Work Project / Conclusion

In this report assignment we have learnt that telecommunications is very important within a

building. Through the various applications communication can be achieved as a result. It is

essential that these applications are up to standards. These standards or requirements may

vary from different countries but however it follows the same purpose of providing safe

transmission of data to the receiver.

We also discovered that Telecommunication systems in a high rise building which are more

often to be commercial buildings differs from a low rise building by having a much more

complex design and it requires transmission to a longer range compared to other buildings.

Furthermore it should be taken into account that the quality of the materials and cabling will

enable the system to be more improved and effective. Good management will allow the

system less of maintenance throughout the life span of the building. The rooms are to be

kept in a required temperature and follow fire safety requirement.

During the course of producing the assignment, we found it challenging to find the

information gathered. In addition, the content includes several technical terms relevant to

telecommunication and electrical engineering. However we were able to produce a cohesive

report and information which were very knowledgeable.

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Education

Telecommunication for high rise building