Upload
k-12-blueprint
View
40
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Legal DisclaimersINFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT.
UNLESS OTHERWISE AGREED IN WRITING BY INTEL, THE INTEL PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED FOR ANY APPLICATION IN WHICH THE FAILURE OF THE INTEL PRODUCT COULD CREATE A SITUATION WHERE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH MAY OCCUR.
Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Designers must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked "reserved" or "undefined." Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. The information here is subject to change without notice. Do not finalize a design with this information.
Approved use: Use the material to present. Do not post the deck publicly.
In countries where restrictions on competitive comparison materials exists – PRC, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Vietnam – the material must be shown under NDA only with no leave behind.
Copyright © 2015, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
22
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Challenges Facing Educators, Changing Expectations
Digital inclusion
Student achievement
Locally relevant content
Rigorous standards & online assessment
Growing concerns about privacy & security
Skilled workforce & economic empowerment
3
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
New
Challenges Facing Educators, Changing Expectations
Alt for ASMO
Rigorous standards & online assessment
Student college and career readiness
Digital curriculum &digital learning
Growing concerns about privacy & security
Infrastructure shortcomings and BYO integration
4
Integrating cloud-based tools and learning management systems
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only5
Evolving Learning Environment
Students Shift from information consumers to
creative problem solvers
Read complex texts and write extensively
Collaborate and present their work
Become self-directed, lifelong learners
Teachers Use technology to personalize learning
Shift from “sage on stage” to “teacher as learning facilitator”
Meet higher expectations for student outcomes
Increase focus on professional learning & growth
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only6
As an Educator, what “problem” are you trying to solve in the classroom?Improve engagement rates
Decrease dropout rates
Deploy online assessments
Increase personalization
Build capacity STEM pipeline
College readiness
Ensure equity Digital inclusion
Special needs
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
ComprehendYour Total Cost
Survey Your
Learning Environment
Evaluate Device
FunctionalityAssess
Manageability & Deployment
Engage With Multiple Stakeholders while Selecting Tools to Embrace Change
How to choose the right tools for your usage/environment today and tomorrow
• Survey your learning environment
• Assess manageability & deployment
• Evaluate device functionality
• Comprehend your total cost
7
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only9
Learning Environment ConsiderationsThe right questions to help you find the right device
Can the device handle the digital content and tools that support your curriculum?
Should support the curriculum you already have and also be future-proof
Will the device support both online and offline learning?
Internet dependence can limit device practicality
Should promote equity for all students
Will the device support new learning models?
Adaptive, personalized, interoperable
Does the device enable multiple input methods?
Flexibility is key for digital learning
Is the device interoperable with your other systems?
Can you access multiple ecosystems from device
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only10
Learning Environment Considerations: An ExampleK-12 online assessments: Lessons learned
Future proof your purchase. Go beyond the minimum
Look for durability, dependability, serviceability
Larger screen size and higher resolution are better
Today’s assessments – everything plugged in
Easy security management is key
ASMO
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only12
Manageability & Deployment ConsiderationsThe right questions to help you choose the right device
How do you protect your investment?
Should be durable, ruggedized, serviceable, and come with a good warranty
Is the device intended for use in the classroom?
Built-in management capabilities that are easy for teachers to use.
Does the device have appropriate security management features?
Allows IT to secure and protect devices
Will the device preserve the privacy of student data?
Enables regulatory compliance
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Device Functionality ConsiderationsThe right questions to help you choose the right device
Does the device allow students & teachers to get their work done effectively?
Use multiple apps, work online and offline
Access to peripherals
Supports multiple inputs
Is there enough battery life for the school day?
Convenient for teachers and students
Is the screen size adequate to support student tasks?
Optimal for reading comprehension
Can the device handle productivity software and web applications?
Full functionality and ease of use of native applications, legacy applications, web-optimized
Does the device support multiple users?
Unique logon
Seamless access to multiple users
14
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Cost ConsiderationsUnderstanding the true cost of deployment helps you save money
Purchase price is just the beginning. Understanding the true cost of deployment helps you save money
Mobile Device Management
Learning Management SystemContent Management
Software
Connectivity,Broadband
Refresh life cycleProject management,
planning and evaluation
Support, maintenance,
storage, charging, repair
Software, apps,content,
Digital Curriculum (supplemental/Core)
Peripherals purchase, maintenance, replacement
Educator training, educator planning,
professional learning
16
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
You Have Many Options – Mobile
Tablet Laptop 2-in-1 Chromebook
Each option has unique implications for learning and teaching.
18
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only19
Custom Usages – Stationary
Mini PC/ChromeboxAll-in-One
Compute Stick
Portable All-in-One Desktop Tower
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Not All Devices are EqualStart with Selecting the Right Ecosystem
Source: Choosing the Right Device for Digital Learning, By Bob Moore, RJM Strategies, LLC, May 2014
iOS* Android* Chrome* Windows* 8.1
Supports full range of tasks student require
Can install full MS Office productivity suite
Is fully functional when not connected to Internet
Runs Flash*-based content
Fully supports USB peripherals and related drivers
USB, but limited driver support
USB, but limited driver support
Educational apps available in app store
Digital inking and writing
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others 20Full Partial Very limited
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Selecting the Right Devices
*Other brands and names may be claimed as the property of others.
Mobile Portable Stationary
Functionality Tablet Laptop 2 in 1 Chromebook*Portable
All-in-One All-in-One
Mini PC /Compute
Stick
Mobility
Multiple Peripherals and Input Devices
Large Screen to Support Learning Objectives
Device Security and Protection, User Privacy
Ease of taking videos and pictures
Full Partial Very limited
21
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only23
No Wires
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others13
Wireless Display
Wireless Charging
Wireless Data
Wireless Docking
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only24
What You Should Know About Wireless Display
1. Requires an Intel® WiDi-enabled system and Intel WiDi-enabled receiver device. 1080p and Blu-ray* or other protected content playback is only available on select Intel® processor-based systems with built-in visuals enabled, a compatible receiver device and media player, and supporting Intel WiDi software and graphics driver installed. Check with your system manufacturer. Learn more at www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/intel-wireless-display.html.
Avoid accidental or sensitive content exposure. “Now Projecting” indicator confirmation before content display
Isolate WPAN – avoid bridging to other WLANs. This reducing the use of bandwidth and enhancing performance
Restrict to WiDi – prevents PC to PC access to personal data
Pro WiDi adapter enables better wireless network management & remote manageability
Allows for multiple devices to connect Gives teacher control of which device is on screen Allows to lock device in 5GHz spectrum (avoiding the 2.4GHz
saturated community), which helps maintain better connection
Pro WiDi with Intel® Core™ vPro™ Technology platformsIn addition to the WiDi usages, benefits for Pro WiDi with Intel® Core vPro™ platforms
Chromecast main purpose is to stream select contents, Internet media streams, local media or web browser tabs.Requires a WiFi source to work That's important especially for situations in school or classrooms where WiFi or Internet may not be available or intermittent.
WiDi¹/ Miracast can mirror the screen of the device. Uses WiFi Direct, does not require WiFi source
to work.WiDi is 1080p, 5.1 surround sound is bundled. Miracast is 720p, sound optional.
WiDi allows multi-tasking while beaming content
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
There are many choices…
Works across platforms, form factors and operating systems
Committed to high standards of privacy and security
A wide range of price points to meet you Learning environment needs
Long lasting battery life
…with Intel®-based devices you spend less time waiting, more time learning Outstanding
performance for students and teachers
26
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
And no matter which device you choose
Build an efficient, secure and manageable infrastructure
One architecture for all your infrastructure makes it easier to deploy, refresh, manage, and maintain.
Servers • Storage • Networking • Digital content libraries
…consider the advantages of Intel architecture for the back-end too
27
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only28
Creating Successful Learning Environments
*Intel’s Education Transformation Guidebook outlines/support this strategic planning
BuildThe robust
Infrastructureto support your program
Servers (school or system)Access (classroom)
StorageCloud Services
NetworkingMDM
Security Software & Policies
Developthe strategic Plan* & Knowledge to maximize your investment
Professional LearningHow to Personalize LearningPoliciesSustainable ResourcingResearch & EvaluationPrivacy & Security StandardsHow to Use Big Data (IT & Educators)
ChooseThe right Devicesthat meets your needs
2 in 1TabletChrome BookLaptopDevices to support custom usages:• AIO, Compute stick, mini PC
(eg. NUC)Additional Classroom Devices• Galileo, science kits etc.
SourceThe relevant Software and content for your curriculumCurriculaSupplemental ContentWeb-based Free ResourcesAssessmentsLearning Software/AppsLMS/CMS/SISData Analytics
A Comprehensive Approach
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
The rest of the slides are stand alone (one slides – why would you buy the device, advantage, limitations), to be pulled in as and when required for comparatives..
29
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Consumer Tablets Are Not Up to the TaskEducation customers describe the consumer tablet reality
Device Fit
App Ecosystem
Management and Security
‟It’s mostly a consumption-only
device.”
‟Redeveloping apps is costly and time-
consuming.”
‟More student data is stored on ‛consumer
tablets’ than we typically realize.”
‟Works well only in specific scenarios.”
‟Lack of OSbackward compatibility.”
‟The hardwareand OS are on a
consumer release schedule.”
‟Favors consumer features over enterprise
user environments.”
‟Apps may collect/track too much personal
data.”
‟Hard to configure at scale―leaving a lot
unmanaged.”
30
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
With Intel, It All Just Works
*other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
Broad and strong base for new experiences and education models
All your software
All your peripherals with complete functionality
Multiple device types, single architecture
All your software
Windows* Store apps
Your in-house apps
31
Google apps
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Options for Digital Learning: Touch Capabilities Across a Range of Devices
TabletA thin, lightweight device that moves as fast as you do for media and Internet surfing. Long battery life and always on.
2 in 1The best of both worlds. A tablet when you want it, a PC when you need it. A tablet for consuming, a laptop for creating.
LaptopOffers the most choice of features and performance for productivity, creativity, HD multimedia, and immersive gaming.
Chromebook*Built for schools, for learning, exploring and creating. Affordability and easy management for great impact.
ASMO
32
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Options for Digital Learning: Touch Capabilities Across a Range of Devices
TabletA thin, lightweight device that moves as fast as you do for media and Internet surfing. Long battery life and always on.
2 in 1The best of both worlds. A tablet when you want it, a PC when you need it. A tablet for consuming, a laptop for creating.
LaptopOffers the most choice of features and performance for productivity, creativity, HD multimedia, and immersive gaming.
All-in-OneSleek stylish designs with top performance. Great for immersive multiuser experiences.
WW
33
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only34
Intel + Microsoft value proposition
Better Together
Wide Range of Products Versatile Touch OS Flexibility & Choice
High Speed Responsive & Multi-Tasking
Performance
Hardware Standards Traditional Desktop Compatibility
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based Tablets for K-12
1. “All-day battery life" is based on an Ultrabook™ system with a 4th generation Intel® Core™ processor running Windows* 8 for at least 9 hours of idle time with a screen brightness of 150 Nits. Battery life decreases with normal system usage. Contact your manufacturer for specific product performance. 2. No computer system can provide absolute security under all conditions. Built-in security features available on select Intel® processors may require additional software, hardware, services ,and/or an Internet connection. Results may vary depending upon configuration. Consult your system manufacturer for more details. For more information, see http://security-center.intel.com/ *other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
The mobility and user experience students and teachers need. The security, manageability, and low TCO IT wants.
All-day learning with all-day battery life1
College- and career-ready using full Microsoft Office* suite
Better-suited for inquiry learning, data gathering, analysis, and presentation
Leverage existing management tools and K‒12 enterprise applications
Mobile learning: thin and light (less than 9mm thick and under 1.5 lbs.)
Use valuable instructional software with Flash* compatibility
New Windows* 8 UI and existing peripherals just work
Protects privacy and sensitive data with built-in security features2
35
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based 2 in 1s with Windows* 8 for K-12
1. Requires a select Intel® processor, Intel® software and BIOS update, and a Solid-State Drive (SSD) or hybrid drive. Depending on system configuration, your results may vary. Contact your system manufacturer for more information2. No computer system can provide absolute security under all conditions. Built-in security features available on select Intel® processors may require additional software, hardware, services and/or an Internet connection. Results may vary
depending upon configuration. Consult your system manufacturer for more details. For more information, see http://security-center.intel.com/.3. “All day battery life" is based on an Ultrabook™ system with a 4th generation Intel® Core™ processor running Windows* 8 for at least 9 hours of idle time with a screen brightness of 150 Nits.
Battery life decreases with normal system usage. Contact your manufacturer for specific product performance. 4. Intel® vPro™ Technology is sophisticated and requires setup and activation. Availability of features and results will depend upon the setup and configuration of your hardware, software, and IT environment. To learn more, visit
www.intel.com/technology/vpro
The versatility and power students and teachers demand. The management and security IT needs.
Intel® Core™ processor family
Tablet for consumption, laptop for creating
Wakes up instantly
Built-in identity and theft protection2
Sleek and lightweight with touch
Use new tablet apps and laptop software
All-day battery life3
Available with Intel® vPro™ technology4
Intel® Rapid Start Technology1
36
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based Ultrabooks™ with Windows* 8 for K-12
Robust performance
Mobile touch for immersive and rich experience
Extended battery life
Increased compatibility
Improved learning outcomes
Reduced support costs
Enhanced student-teacher engagement
Ultrabook™ products are offered in multiple models. Some models may not be available in your market. Consult your Ultrabook manufacturer. For more information and details, visit http://www.intel.com/ultrabook.
37
The versatility and power students and teachers demand. The management and security IT needs.
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel® Based Tablets with Google Android* for K12
Collaboration: Access to Google Drive™ files directly from apps.
Faster performance enhances learning
Full feature functionality
Video Conferencing: Full capabilities for video conferencing with the MightyMeeting app.
The analysis in this document was done by Prowess Consulting and commissioned by Intel.Results have been simulated and are provided for informational purposes only. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configurationmay affect actual performance.Prowess, the Prowess logo, and SmartDeploy are trademarks of Prowess Consulting, LLC.Copyright © 2015 Prowess Consulting, LLC. All rights reserved.Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
NEW
38
Spend More Time Learning
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only39
Why Intel®-based Chromebooks* for Education?
1 Source: based on findings by Principled Technologies as documented in Comparing Chromebooks in the Classroom - Celeron, White Paper2 Source: based on findings by Principled Technologies as documented in Intel Processor-Powered Toshiba Chromebook in the Classroom, White Paper3 Source: based on findings by Principled Technologies as documented in Chromebooks + Chromecast in the classroomIf interested in learning more, please visit http://principledtechnologies.com/Intel/IntelChromebooks/
Less waiting, more learning1
Fast, hassle-free collaboration1
More responsive apps1
Smooth multitasking1
All school-day learning2
Smooth Chromecast* screen-sharing3
Intel® processor-based Chromebooks offer significant advantages for students, teachers, and IT administrators compared with non Intel-based
Chromebooks.
Updated
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based All-in-Ones for K-12
1. Requires the purchase of Intel® Ready Mode Technology-enabled desktop PC or motherboard, a genuine Intel® processor, internet connection, Windows* 7 or Windows* 8 OS, and 3rd party software. Performance may vary based upon hardware, applications installed, internet connectivity, setup and configuration. Enables an OEM to meet energy regulations per published testing guidelines from global energy regulatory bodies.
2. Requires a select Intel® processor, Intel® software and BIOS update, and a Solid-State Drive (SSD) or hybrid drive. Depending on system configuration, your results may vary. Contact your system manufacturer for more information
3. No computer system can provide absolute security under all conditions. Built-in security features available on select Intel® processors may require additional software, hardware, services and/or an Internet connection. Results may vary depending upon configuration. Consult your system manufacturer for more details. For more information, see http://security-center.intel.com/.
4. Intel® vPro™ Technology is sophisticated and requires setup and activation. Availability of features and results will depend upon the setup and configuration of your hardware, software, and IT environment. To learn more, visit www.intel.com/technology/vpro
Clutter free desktop performance
40
Stationary All-in-One for clutter free desktop performance all behind a huge, HD screen
Portable All-in-One for at-desk full productivity and the freedom to move around the classroom for dynamic upright or lay-flat collaboration and sharing
Low power idle state for power savings – Intel® Ready Mode Technology1
Wakes up instantly – Intel® Rapid Start Technology2
Built-in identity and theft protection3
Available with Intel® Core™ processor family and Intel® vPro™ technology4
NEW
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Mount behind or directly into monitors or under desks | Classrooms | Labs Libraries | Shared learning stations
Multiple-monitor learning environments (graphic design, computer-aided drafting, computer programming)
41
Mini PCs and Compute Stick for K-12NEW
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel Supports Education Transformation
21st century interactive learning environments
Education-specific solutions
Broad ecosystem to support local education solutions
Professional learning programs
Intel® Education Programs (Citizenship)
Meeting today’s challenges and preparing for the future
10M students using Intel® Education Solutions
15M teachers supported with professional learning
$100M annual investment in 100 countries
43
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Mobile Touch Hybrid Choices
Mobile touch solutions with Intel® technology and Windows* 8 give you performance and compatibility.
*other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others 45
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
More on MultitaskingIntel® Architecture: Viewing multiple windows on one screen
Students see all at once:• Desktop UI
• Windows* 8
• Windows* 8 UI Snap Mode
• Windows* RT
• Chrome*
One window:iPad* Android*
46
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Learning Without Limits
Reducing the number of supported devices can lower costs.
2 in 1 with touch delivers a laptop and tablet experience in one device
47
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Configurations & Benchmarks
Acer* C720 Chromebook*Intel® Celeron® processor 2955U, 1.4 GHz, 2T/2C, 4 GB DDR3L memory, 16GB SSD, Intel® HD Graphics, Chrome* v30.0.1599.116
HP* 11 ChromebookSamsung* Exynos* 5250 (dual-core Cortex A15 1.7GHz + ARM Mali-T604 GPU), 2 GB DDR2 memory, 16GB SSD Chrome v30.0.1599.116
Samsung* ChromebookSamsung* Exynos* 5250 (dual-core Cortex A15 1.7GHz + ARM Mali-T604 GPU), 2 GB DDR2 memory, 16GB SSD Chrome v31.0.1650.61
Google* Octane* 2.0 is a benchmark from Google that measures the performance of rich web applications
WebXPRT is is a benchmark by Principled Technologies that uses scenarios created to mirror the tasks you do every day to compare the performance of almost any Web-enabled device. It contains four HTML5- and JavaScript-based workloads: Photo Effects, Face Detect, Stocks Dashboard, and Offline Notes
Sunspider is a JavaScript benchmark. This benchmark tests the core JavaScript language only, not the DOM or other browser APIs. It is designed to compare different versions of the same browser, and different browsers to each other. Unlike many widely available JavaScript benchmarks, this test is real world, balanced, and statistically sound.
48
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Innovations that will impact learning experience
Other brands and names may be claimed as the property of others. 49
No WiresWireless Display(Wi-Di, Wi-Di Pro)Wireless Charging(A4WP)Wireless Docking
Data Sharing(OIC)
Voice Assistant Built-in management capabilities that are easy for teachers to use.
No PasswordsMulti-Factor Authentication (Admin and IT)
3D Cameras
Capture/ShareImmersive Collaboration
49
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based Tablets for K-12
All-day learning with all-day battery life¹
College- and career-ready using full Microsoft Office* suite
Better-suited for inquiry learning, data gathering, analysis, and presentation
Leverage existing management tools and K‒12 enterprise applications
Mobile learning: thin and light (less than 9mm thick and under 1.5 lbs.)
Use valuable instructional software with Flash* compatibility
New Windows* 8 UI and existing peripherals just work
Protects privacy and sensitive data with built-in security features²1. “All-day battery life" is based on an Ultrabook™ system with a 4th generation Intel® Core™ processor running Windows* 8 for at least 9 hours of idle time with a screen brightness of 150 Nits. Battery life decreases with normal system usage. Contact your manufacturer for specific product performance. 2. No computer system can provide absolute security under all conditions. Built-in security features available on select Intel® processors may require additional software, hardware, services ,and/or an Internet connection. Results may vary depending upon configuration. Consult your system manufacturer for more details. For more information, see http://security-center.intel.com/ *other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
50
The mobility and user experience students and teachers need. The security, manageability, and low TCO IT wants.
ALT
Intel Confidential — Use under NDA Only
Intel®-based 2 in 1s with Windows* 8 for K-12
Intel® Core™ processor family
Tablet for consumption, laptop for creating
Wakes up instantly – Intel® Rapid Start Technology1
Built-in identity and theft protection2
Sleek and lightweight with touch
Use new tablet apps and laptop software
All-day battery life3
Available with Intel® vPro™ technology4
1. Requires a select Intel® processor, Intel® software and BIOS update, and a Solid-State Drive (SSD) or hybrid drive. Depending on system configuration, your results may vary. Contact your system manufacturer for more information
2. No computer system can provide absolute security under all conditions. Built-in security features available on select Intel® processors may require additional software, hardware, services and/or an Internet connection. Results may vary depending upon configuration. Consult your system manufacturer for more details. For more information, see http://security-center.intel.com/.
3. “All day battery life" is based on an Ultrabook™ system with a 4th generation Intel® Core™ processor running Windows* 8 for at least 9 hours of idle time with a screen brightness of 150 Nits. Battery life decreases with normal system usage. Contact your manufacturer for specific product performance.
4. Intel® vPro™ Technology is sophisticated and requires setup and activation. Availability of features and results will depend upon the setup and configuration of your hardware, software, and IT environment. To learn more, visit www.intel.com/technology/vpro
51
The versatility and power students and teachers demand. The management and security IT needs.
ALT