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Characteristics:Intracellular blood parasitesAbsence of conoid, oocyst, spores, pseudocyst, flagella, no hemozoin pigmentGametocytes are found in erythrocytes or lymphocytesHeteroxenous i.e merogony by binarry fission and budding occure in vertebrate host (asexual) while gametogony and sprogony (sexual) in invertebrate host (hard tick)Locomotion by body flexion or gliding
Class II: Piroplasm
Class: Piroplasmorida
Family: TheleriidaeFamily: Babesiidae Family: Anaplasmiidae
genus: Theleriagenus: Babesia genus: Anaplasmia
Genus: Babesia
Stage to stage transmission
Transovarian transmission
Babesia spp. Life cycle
• Schizogony/ merogony occurs in RBCs
• B. Equi (T. Equi or Nuttalia equi)
merogony occurs in lymphocytes
• In RBCs the parasite is formed by union of
two merozoites except B. Equi are four
merozoites (cross-shaped)
Sporogony
n-times
Gamogony
Merogony
Host
VECTORTICK
heteroxenous
Host (IH) species VECTOR
Cattle B. divergens Ixodes ricinus
B. major Haemaphysalis punctata
B. bigemina Rhipicephalus microplus
B. bovis
Dog B canis Dermacentor reticulatus
B. gibsoni Haemaphysalis bispinosa u.a.
Horse B. caballi Dermacentor spp.
T. (B.) equi Dermacentor spp.
(Nuttalia equi) Rhipicephalus spp.
Hyalomma spp.
Human B. microti
Class II: Piroplasm
Pathogenicity of Babesia spp.
• Babesiosis or Red water or Taxas fever or Tick fever----highly
pathogenic---death
• Body temprature 41°C, rouphy coat, restlessness
• Acute formHeamoglobinuria (destruction of RBCs) Jaundice,
aneamiaspleenomegaly liver and kidney damage
• Chronic form emaciation, no clinical signs
• In human signs are similar to malaria
• Diagnosis: case history, blood film, serological diagnosis
• Treatment: Imizol, Berenil, Acaprine and supportive treatment
• Tick control program
Theileria annulata, T. parva• Absence of transovarian transmission only stage to stage transmission
(interstadial transmission)
• Schizogony/merogony occurs in the lymphocytes
• Infection from tick by sporozoites, coma-shaped, enter the lymphocyts
• form Koch‘s blue bodies (schizont)..... Rupture of lymphocytes another
infection to lymphocytes .....
• Forming the macro and microgametocytes-- taken by tick during blood meal
• --- ray bodies- fusion-- motile kinete (zygote) penetrate the intestinal
wall of tick- oocyst , Large No. Of sporozoites ...migrate to salivary
gland...infect another host
Theileria
Pathogenicity of Theileria spp.
Theileria annulata Egyptian fever or Mediterranian cost fever affect cattles, sheep, Ox, water buffaloes
Acute form fever 41°C, decrease in milk production, swelling of superficial lymph nodes and eye lids, bloody diarrhia, anaemia, jaundice
Chronic form irregular fever, inappetance, emaciation, anaemia, enllargement of lymph nodes
T. parva cause African coast fever or Bovine theileriosis or East cost fever affect water buffaloes and cattles
Signs same to T.annulata + internal haemorahgic foci, ulcers in the abomasum
T. mutansBovine gonderiosisT. camelensiscamelsT. ovis sheep and goats
Babesia major
Babesia canisBabesia divergens
Theileria sp.
Intraerythrocytic Stages of Piroplasms
Babesia-Stages in Tick gut
Babesiosis: internal Bleeding
Babesiosis: Bloody urine
Piroplasmosis in Horses
Control measures of Babesiosis
Treatment (Imidocarb, Berinel inj., symptomatic treatment)
Chemoprophylaxis (Imidocarb)
Tick control and prophylaxis