PARASITIC AND MYCOTIC DISEASES

SUBMITTED BY : APARNA KUMARIL-2014-F-07-M

PARASITIC DISEASES Parasitic diseases are also called as pathogenic

diseases or infectious disease or communicable disease.

Important parasitic diseases are protozoan , helminthic , annelid, nematodes

and crustacean.TYPES

ECTOPARASITES: found on the body surface , fins and gills.e.g. Argulus , lernea

etc.

ENDOPARASITE: Found inside the body.

PROTOZOAN DISEASESDISEASE C/O SYMPTOMSWhite spot disease/ich

Ichthyophthriasis multifilis

Salt like specs on the body and fins,Excessive slime,Breathing problem,Loss of appetite.

Trichodiniosis Trichodina spp. Do not eat well,Weakened fish become susceptible to bacterial infection

Costiasis Ichthyobodo spp. Heavy breathing,excess mucus secretion,lethargic,rubbing against wall.

Hexamitiasis/hole in head

Hexamita spp. Small holes in head with a tiny parasite protruding, ulceration of lateral line, weight loss

Hoferellosis Hoferellus carassii Fluid filled cyst in kidney,unable to swim.

Neon tetra disease Plistophora spp. Fading of normal brilliant colour,spinal curvature,weight loss,equilibrium dysfunction.

PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES Treatment with mixture of formalin and malachite

green (3.3 g of malachite green in 1L of formalin. It is diluted in 1:40,000.

Metronidazol @ 5mg/L every other day for three treatments for controlling Hexamita.

DISEASE CAUSED BY PLATY HELMINTHES

MONOGENEAN TREMATODESDactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus affecting the gills and skin respectivelySYMPTOMS•The fish scrapes itself against objects.•Gill swollen, pale and show rapid movement.•Mucus covering the gills or body.•Gills or fins may be eaten away.•Scale loss

DIGENEAN TREMATODEPosthodiplostomum and clinostomumFish can be primary or intermmediate host.Life stage observed in fish is metacercariaSYMPTOMS•Respiratory problems•Increased melanin deposition•White or yellow spots in visceral organs

PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES Treatment with potassium permanganate.

Formalin treatment = 2-4 ml of formalin/10 ml of water in separate tank for 30 minutes.

Application of copper sulphate at night (nocturnal habit of snails).

Quicklime @ 125-150 kg/acre pond (no fish in the pond).

DISEASE CAUSED BY NEMATODES. Three common nematodes affecting fishes are

Camillanus, Capillaria and eustongylides.

SYMPTOMS Infects just about anywhere in the body but only

shows themselves when they hang out of anus. Nodules in skin or muscles. Stunted growth. Abnormal swimming. Lethary and death.

PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES

Fenbendazol (anti helminth) mixed with fish feed @0.25% (using gelatin as a binder) for three days.

Repeat the dose in three weeks.

DISEASE CAUSED BY LEECHES Major genera : Pisciola and Cystobranchus. Leeches are annelid worms with segmented body

having anterior and posterior suckers. These are visible on the fish’s skin. Heavily infected fish often have chronic anemia. Fish can develope secondary bacterial and fungal

infection.

PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES

Maintain good hygienic conditions in the pond.

Disinfect the dried pond with unslaked powdered lime @ 2500-3000 kg/ha. Fill the water and left for 7-10 days in these alkaline conditions.

Apply organophosphorus insecticide i.e. Nuvan (Dichlorvos) @ 0.125 ppm at repeated intervals.

Apply Gammaxane @ 0.5 ppm as single doze. Remove leeches manually from the fish body. Bath treatment to fish with 3% salt solution.

DISEASE CAUSED BY

PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS

ARGULUS• Commonly called the "Fish Louse", these are flattened

creatures with a very distinctive shape and appearance. • They move about the skin of a fish very effectively and

camouflage themselves well on the host.SYMPTOMS• Fish rubs itself against objects• Inflammed areas• After heavy infestation fish becomes susceptible to

secondary infections.TREATMENT :Fish can be treated with

organophosphates to control the disease

LERNEA• Commonly called as anchor worm.• Easily visible to the naked eye and may be more than

2 cm in length.SYMPTOMS• Infected fish scrapes against objects, whitish-green

threads hang out of the fish skin with an inflamed area at point of attachment.

Treatment• Organophosphates and glacial acetic acid dips• 10 to 30 minute bath in 10 mg/l of potassium

permanganate.

ERGASILLUS/GILL MAGGOTS It is like anchor worm, but is smaller an it attacks

the gills first.

SYMPTOMS Fish scrapes against object. Whitish or green thread hangs out of fish’s gills

end of the skin.

FUNGAL DISEASES

SAPROLEGNIASIS/COTTON WOOL DISEASE• Causative agent – Saprolegnia• Opportunistic pathogenic fungi affecting tropical fishes

and fish eggsSymptoms• Grayish white, cotton-like growths on the skin, gills,

eyes, or fins that may invade deeper tissues of the body. Preventive measures • Removal of predisposing causes, e.g. inadequate

sanitation, excessive chemical treatment, or the presence of dead, infected fish and decaying organic material.

BRANCHIOMYCOSIS/GILL ROT

Causative agent : Branchiomyces demigransSymptoms Growth of fungus on the respiratory epithelium of

gills causing inflammation and damage to their blood vessels.

Infected cells becomes necrotic.Preventive measures It can be controlled with 5% common salt for 5-10

minutes.

ICHTHYOPHONOSIS/ REELING DISEASE

Causative agent :Ichthyophonus hoferi This fungus causes an internal infection and is generally chronic and

progressive. Symptoms Spores spread to various organs and in severe cases spread out to the

skin which may rupture and become ulcerative at several places

Preventive measures and treatment• Removing infected fish and avoiding feeding raw fish products. • Iodophors of varying iodine concentrations are used to prevent

mycotic infections of nonfood-fish eggs, which can be disinfected by a 100 ppm iodine bath for 10-15 min.

• Formaldehyde, up to 2,000 ppm for 15 min, can be used to treat eggs

LARVAL MYCOSIS IN SHRIMPS• Causitive agent-Lagenidium sp. Sirolpidium sp. and

Haliphthoros sp• Filamentous non-septate and coenocytic fungi• Affected larvae appear opaque followed by sudden

mortality• Larval stages are highly susceptible• Black gill disease of larvae is caused by Fusarium sp.

in shrimps.• Saprolegnia and Leptolegnia cause dark necrotic

lesions on shrimp exoskeleton and cause gradual mortality.

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