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La terapia con anti TNF alfa nella Malattia di Crohn
Relatore: Dott. A. Orlando (Palermo)
LUNEDI 9 FEBBRAIOORE 15.30
Goals of therapy in IBDs
• Inducing/maintaining remission
• Prevention of PO recurrence
• Steroid weaning
• Restore and maintain nutrition
• Maintain quality of life
• Select optimal timing for surgery
10 years ago …
• Early and rapid treatment
• Prevention of PO lesions
• Minimize drug toxicity (optimal safety)
• Sustained mucosal healing
• Prevention complications
• Prevention hospitalisations and surgeries
• Long term steroid-free (deep) remission
• Prevention or Reduce long term disability
... today
Treat symptoms,induce remission and
treat on flare
Treat symptomsand lesions (early)
with long term strategy
Knowledge Required To Treat Patients With Crohn’s Disease (or UC)
1. Classification2. Natural History3. Results of RCTs
• High Placebo Remission rate
18% (95% CI 14%–24%) (range 0%-50%) Su 2004
17% (95% CI 13 – 21%) (range 0%-34%) Tinè 2008
• No clinical trial ever completely reflects what is
happening in an individualized patient
Lloyd F. Mayer
RG A 12% 12%
RG B 36% 29%
RG C 19% 18%
RG D 32% 40%
115 statements234 reccomendations(diagnosis & management)
47 statements103 reccomendations(anti TNF therapy)
4. Guidelines
The majority of reccomendations are based on expert opionions !
Crohn’s Disease is not a 6-week diseases !
Lifelong management and strategies are necessary
Evolution of Therapeutic Approach in IBDs
Immunomodulators
Biologics
Surgery
Aminosalycilates Antibiotics
Systemic steroids
MILD
SEVERE
MODERATE
Topically acting steroids
New drugs
New strategies
Tailored treatment
Time trends in supply 5-ASA, IM, steroid (left axis) and infliximab prevalence (right axis) for Crohn’s disease
Time trends in the prevalence of prolonged steroid exposure and in the rates of hospitalization and surgery for
Crohn’s disease
Systemic Corticosteroids Story
Observational studies 1990-2000
Munkholm 1994, Faubion 2001 Lichtenstein, 2006
Population Based Studies TREAT Registry
100
20
40
60
80
0
1 month 1 year
RESPONSE
REFRACTORY
RESPONSE
REFRACTORY
DEPENDENCY
SURGERY
100
20
40
60
80
0
1 month 1 year
RESPONSE
REFRACTORY
RESPONSE
REFRACTORY
DEPENDENCY
SURGERY
Timeline with the milestones in CTs development in CD before the advent on anti-TNF agents
Hindryckx P et al JCC 2014 May
CTs: Clinical Trials; RCT: Randomized controlled trials, NCCDS: National Cooperative Crohn’s disease study; CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index; ECCDS: European cooperative Crohnìs disease study; CDEIS: Crohn’s
disease endoscopic activity index of severity
Definition of Outcomes
Luminal Crohn’s disease
Clinical responseCDAI reduction > 70 points from the baseline
CDAI reduction > 70 points + at least 25% reduction from the baselineClinical remission
CDAI < 150Steroid sparing
Clinical remission (CDAI < 150) and off steroidsMucosal healing
Mucosal ulceration at wk 0 and no mucosal ulceration at follow-upDeep remission
Defined as clinical remission (CDAI <150) and complete MH
Orlando A. et al. Digestive and Liver Disease 2011; 43: 1–20
GOALS OF MANAGEMENT IN CROHN’S DISEASE
GOALS OF MANAGEMENT IN CROHN’S DISEASE
Orlando A. et al. Digestive and Liver Disease 2011; 43: 1–20
GOALS OF MANAGEMENT IN CROHN’S DISEASE
GOALS OF MANAGEMENT IN CROHN’S DISEASE
Annese V. et al. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (2013) 7, 982–1018
GOALS OF MANAGEMENT IN IBD
Mary JY et al. Gut 1989;30:983-9Daperno M. et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:505-12
MUCOSAL HEALING IN CROHN’S DISEASE
Overview of the evolution of primary endpoints of CTs in luminal CD
Hindryckx P et al JCC 2014 May
Forest plot of randomized controlled trials of anti-TNFα antibodies vs placebo in inducing remission in active
luminal CD
Forest plot of randomized controlled trials of anti-TNFα antibodies vs placebo in preventing relapse in
quiescent CD
Ford et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:644-59
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ACCENT I51% steroids at entry
pla
CHARM44% steroids at entry
pla
5mg/kg
10mg/kg40mg eow
40mg weekly
STEROID SPARING EFFECT(CORTICOSTEROID FREE REMISSION AT 1 YEAR)
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
Response rateRemission rate
Week 6
% p
atie
nts
45.5%
100 -
45.5%
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
Response rateRemission rate
% p
atie
nts 64.5%
100 -
16,4%
End of follow up (14.6 ± 10 months)
Orlando A. et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:826-831
110 steroid-dependent pts treated with ADA (80/40 or 160/80 mg eow, followed by 40 mg eow). Clinical remission: steroid discontinuation without symptomatic recurrence.
Clinical response: reduction or maintenance of the initial CDAI value reducing steroid dosage but without its discontinuation.
Orlando A et al. Dig Liver Dis. 2011; 43:1-20Van Assche G et al JCC 2010
Response to anti-TNFs in Pivotal Trials(All randomized patients)
CertolizumabPRECISE 2(400 mg/4Wk)
InfliximabACCENT 1(5 mg/kg/8Wk)
AdalimumabCHARM
(40 mg/2Wk)
PrimaryNon Responders
SecondaryNon Responders
LongtermResponders
100
Remission
70
Remission
70
100
Remission
%
64
40
290
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
32
58
28
24 190
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
60
32 26
25 24 220
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
%
%
weeks
1)
2)
3)
smoking should be discouraged in all patients
Maintenance of medically induced remission guidelines
Evolving goals of therapy for Crohn’s disease:“sustained steroid clinical free remission”
Response
Steroid freeRemission
Goal Clinical parameters
Improved symptoms
No symptoms
Normal labs
Outcomes
Improved QoL
Decreased hospitalisation
SUSTAINED
24
How will Sustained Clinical-Steroid Free Remission as a management goal affect patients
with early or late disease?
• Disease duration may alter treatment goals– Late disease has inflammatory and non-inflammatory
symptoms• Definition of SCSFR may be different for different patient
types– e.g. absence of symptoms in early CD, and improvement in
symptoms in late CD
2400 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Long-term evolution of Crohn’s disease behaviour
Cosnes J, et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002;8:244–50
Penetrating
Stricturing
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
rob
abili
ty o
f re
mai
nin
g
free
of
com
plic
atio
ns
(%)
Inflammatory
Months
372,002 552 229 95n = Patients at risk:
Start therapy
The earlier, the better ?
1) Indirect evidence from rheumatology – early RA (e.g. BeSt Study)
2) Indirect evidence from pediatric studies
3) Indirect evidence and post-hoc analyses from adult studies
4) SUTD, SONIC, POST-OP
Longitudinal course of rheumatoid arthritis
Kirwan JR. J Rheumatol 2001Disease duration (years)
DisabilityRadiographsInflammationS
ever
ity
(arb
itra
ry u
nit
s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Early RA Intermediate LateKlareskog L, et al. Lancet 2009
Anti-TNF alpha in pediatric and adult luminal CD
Hanauer S, et al. Lancet 2002; Hyams J, et al. Gastroenterology 2007; Colombel JF, et al Gastroenterology 2007; Hyams J, et al. ECCO 2011
39
28
40
59,655,8
39
57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
IFX ACCENT/REACHwk 30 remission
IFX ACCENT/REACHwk 54 remission
ADA CHARM/PED wk 26 remission
% r
em
issi
on
Adult CD Ped CD
Disease duration: adult ~8 yr – pediatric ~2 yr
Adapted from Schreiber S, et al. Gastroenterol 2007;132(4 Suppl 2):A-147
Patients in remission, week 56: <2 years placebo n=4/23, adalimumab n=20/39; 2 to <5 years placebo n=4/36, adalimumab n=25/57; 5 years placebo n=12/111, adalimumab n=82/233. Data are from randomised responders
Patients received induction therapy of adalimumab 80 mg (week 0) followed by 40 mg (week 2) and were randomised at week 4
Week 56
0
20
40
60
80
100
Patie
nts
with
rem
issi
on (%
)
23n= 39<2 years
17%
51%
36 572 to <5 years
11%
44%
111 233≥5 years
11%
35%
p=0.014 p=0.001 p<0.001
Placebo
All adalimumab
Time from diagnosis to anti-TNF
CHARM: Early Adalimumab Use is Associated with Higher Rate of Remission than Later Use
Post-hoc analysis
IFX (0,2,6 wk)
AZA (2-2.5 mg/kg)
133 CD < 4 yrs durationCDAI>220
GCS/ISS/IFX naive
Failure
Failure
STEP-UP n=66
Bud 9 mg/die
mPred 32mg/die
ISS
IFX
TOP DOWN n=67
IFX
CS
Primary endpoint CDAI<150 off steroids, no resection
D’Haens G, et al. Lancet 2008
Early combined immunosuppression vs conventional management of newly diagnosed CD
and follow up through year 3 and 4
73,1
30,4
0
20
40
60
80
100
TD SU
%
MH at 2 years
p=0.003
62,5
18,2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Complete mucosal healing (SES=0 at year 2)Endoscopic activity (SES=1-9 at year 2)
OR 4.88 (95% CI 1.1-20.8) P=0.032
Clinical remission, no steroids, no resections and no anti-TNF
through Year 3+4
Baert F, et al. Gastroenterology 2010
p=0.031 (log-rank test)
0
20
40
60
80
100
14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104Weeks after randomisation
Pa
tie
nts
wit
h n
o r
ela
ps
e (
%)
//
Top downStep up
Weeks from diagnosis to treatment2.0 (1–5) - 2.5 (1–11)
Early treatment in Crohn’s disease
Orlando A et al. Dig Liver Dis. 2011; 43:1-20
Van Assche G et al JCC 2010
OR (95%CI)
0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10 100 1000
Precise II Response 26 wks
Precise I Response wk 6 & 26
Precise1 Response wk 6
Gain Remission 4 wks
Classic II (open cohort) Remission 56 wks
Classic II (randomised cohort) Remission 56 wks
Charm Remission 56 wks
Charm Remission 26 wks
Classic 1 Remission 4 wks
Rutgeerts 1999 Response 48 wks
ACCENT I Remission 54 wks
ACCENT I Response 54 wks
ConcomitantImmunomodulators
No concomitantImmunomodulators
ODDS RATIO FOR RESPONSE/REMISSION IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT CONCOMITANT IMMUNOMODULATORSSubgroup analysis from RCTs Infliximab Adalimumab & Certolizumab
“It’s OK to perform subgroup analysis…….
as long as you don’t believe the results”
Rory Collins University of Oxford
Karmiris K, et al. Gastroenterology 2009
Anti-TNF alpha and concomitant IM (Leuven)
Schnitzler F, et al. Gut 2009
IFX ADA
• > 21 years of age
• Active CD (CDAI 220-450)
• ISS and biologics naive
• steroid-dependent
(CDAI >220 after steroid dose reduction)
• being considered for a second steroid
course within 12 mo
• No response to mesalamine
(≥2.4 g for 4 wks)
• No response to budesonide
(≥6 mg for 4 wks)
SONIC
(n. 508)
50
n. 204
To combine or not to combine ?
Van Assche G et al JCC 2010 Orlando A et al. Dig Liver Dis. 2011; 43:1-20
All patients: 854Patients treated with corticosteroids at baseline: 376 (44%)
Colombel et al. Gastroenterology 2007;132:52-65
Up to 4 years!!
Panaccione R et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013
Long-Term Maintenance of Clinical Remission(ADHERE)
Panaccione et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther .Sep 2013
Sustained steroid-free clinical remission with ADA
after 4 years of therapy for Crohn’s disease
(ADHERE)
Patients who achieved corticosteroid-free clinical remission at the end of CHARM
and maintained corticosteroid-free clinical remission over time.
Patients who received a reinduction
dosage (160/80 mg)
Clinical remission
26/110 (24%)
13/26 (50%)
Patients who received a weekly
maintaining treatment (40 mg)
Clinical remission
28/110 (25%)
14/28 (50%)
Patients who obtained a mucosal healing
(60 patients underwent colonoscopy) 15/60 (25%)
Patients who were switched to infliximab
Clinical remission
16/110 (14%)
11/16 (69%)
Patients who were operated on 19/110 (17%)
Patients in maintaining treatment: 54/110 (49%)Patients who stopped treatment because of mucosal healing: 6/110 (5,4%)
Results
Long Term Adalimumab Efficacy In Steroid-dependent Crohn’s Disease Patients
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Patie
nts
(%)
32%
54%
Follow up (38.6 ± 10 months)
14%
60/110 35/110 15/110
Maintaining clinical remission
Stop for ineffectiveness
Stop for side effects
Orlando A. et al. Unpublished data 2013
Up to 3 years!!
Results
Long Term Adalimumab Efficacy In Steroid-dependent Crohn’s Disease Patients
Univariable analysis
p-value OR (95% CI)
Induction dosage vs maintaining clinical remission p = 0.06 2.01 (0.944-4.266)
Results
Long Term Adalimumab Efficacy In Steroid-dependent Crohn’s Disease Patients
Univariable analysis
p-value OR (95% CI)
Induction dosage vs maintaining clinical remission p = 0.06 2.01 (0.944-4.266)
Induction dosage vs treatment with infliximab p = 0.73 1.22 (0.39–3.76)
Induction dosage vs mucosal healing p = 0.27 1.98 (0.57-6.85)
Induction dosage vs surgery at follow up p = 0.04 0.311 (0.969-0.998)
Induction dosage vs response to infliximab P <0.001 6 (1.01-35.91)
A higher induction regimen (160/80 mg) was associated with a lower risk of surgery
A lower induction regimen (80/40 mg) was associated with a best response to infliximab
Orlando A. et al. Unpublished data 2013
Sustained benefit from IFX/ADA in CD (Leuven)
Schnitzler F, et al. Gut 2009
Drop of CRP as predictor of sustained clinical benefit
Karmiris K, et al. Gastroenterology 2009
168 CD patients with LOR or intolerant to IFX treated with ADA: 61.5% with
sustained clinical benefit at median FU (20.4 months IQR 12-30)
547 CD treated with IFX: 63.4% with sustained clinical benefit at median FU
(55 months IQR 27-83);
Jurgens M, et al. CGH 2011
Patients with relapse leading to stop of therapy
All patients
All patients with clinical relapse
Tight-control: CRP levels in responders and non-responders to infliximab
BIOLOGICS IN CROHN’S DISEASEAnti-TNFα antibodies vs. placebo in healing of fistulizing CD
Ford et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:644-59
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
23%
Placebo
Infliximab
Chiusura fistola a 54 settimane
Risposta a 54 settimane
ACCENT II: N Engl J Med 2004
46%
19%
36%
Infliximab 5 mg/kg Sett. 0 – 2 -6
Sett. 14 Randomizzatione dei responders:
- Infliximab 5 mg/kg - Placebo
Infliximab
(n=282)
% p
azi
en
ti
(n=195) (175 fistole perianali)
Malattia perianale – Terapia con anti-TNF
Ascesso perianale nel 12% dei pazienti trattati con Infliximab
ADA combined with CIPRO is superior to ADA monotherapy in perianal fistula closure in Crohn’s disease: a randomised,
double-blind, placebo controlled trial (ADAFI)
76 CD patients with active
perianal fistulusing disease.
ADA induction 160/80 w 0,2 and after 40 eow with CIPRO o Placebo.
Primary outcome: response and
remissionat w 12
Univariate analysis showed that outcome was not influenced by any of the patients caracteristics
Dewint P et al. GUT 2014; 63:292-99
Biological immunomodulators improve the healing rate insurgically treated perianal Crohn’s fistulas
(Cleveland Clinic)
El Gazzaz G et al. Colorectal Disease 2012; 14: 1217-23
218 CD patients with active
perianal fistulusing disease.
Group A: surgery 54 %
Group B: surgery+biologics
46%
Mean Follow-up 3.2 ys
Orlando A et al. Disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010 Sep 13
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
Beppu T. et al. Digestive Endoscopy 2015; 27: 73–81
Rutgeerts P et al. Gastroenterology 2012;142:1102-1111
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
135 pts received ADA160/80 mg at weeks 0/2 At week 4 they were assigned to ADA 40 mg or placebo eow through
week 52
Colombel JG et al. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1383-95
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
D'Haens G et al. Lancet 2008;371:660–7
Peyrin-Biroulet L. et al. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (2011) 5, 477–483
Baert F et al. Gastroenterology 2010;138:463–8
Schnitzler F et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1295–1301
Schnitzler F. et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1295–1301
SHADOWS ON MUCOSAL HEALING
Rutgeerts P et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:433-42
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
?
Björkesten CG, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:947-53
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
?
Bouguen G et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:978-85
MUCOSAL HEALING AND ANTI-TNFα
?
Solberg IC, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1430–8
IBSEN: disease course in Crohn’s disease over 10 years
Dis
ease
acti
vity
0 1010Years 0 Years
43% 19%
3% 32%
Missing data, 3%
However… Management Must Be Tailored to the Individual Patient
Disease severity Patient’s expectation
Benefit / risk of treatmentPatient’s preference
Patient Selection:
Tailored
• Disease location and behaviour– Rectal disease– Perianal lesions– Extensive small bowel disease– Severe upper gastro-intestinal disease– Severe extraintestinal manifestations– Deep ulcers
• Worsening factors– Smoking– Young age at diagnosis– Genetic and serological profile (future?)– Steroids for 1st flare
Clinical features suggesting a « bad » Crohn’s disease
“Optimized step-up or targeted top-down strategies”
Munkholm P. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:699–700; Louis E. Gut 2003;52:552–7; Lakatos P. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:3504–10; Henckaerts L. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:972–80; Romberg MJ. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:371–83; Chow D. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:551–7; Hellers G. Gut 1980;21:525–7; Beaugerie L. Gastroenterology
2006;130:650–6; Loly C. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:948–54; Allez M. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:947–53
Possible approaches to achieve and long-term clinical remission in clinical practice?
1. Based on international expert opinion, Abbott IBD Ahead 2010 programme. 2. Colombel JF, et al. Accepted to ECCO 2011: PO69; 3. Colombel JF, et al. Gut 2010;59(Suppl 3):A188: P400 at UEGW 2010; 4. Panaccione R, et al. J Crohn’s Colitis 2009:3;S69: P148 at ECCO 2009; 5. Kamm MA, et al. J Crohn’s Colitis 2009;3:S43-4: P83 at ECCO 2009
• Identify patients likely to have a poor prognosis who may benefit from intensive therapy
• Optimise conventional therapy quickly1
• Introduce anti-TNF therapy in a timely manner to appropriate patients2,3
• Sustain efficacy in the longer term
– Sustained clinical and steroid-free remission4,5
• Monitor patients to maintain ‘tight control’
– Will be evaluated in appropriately designed clinical trials
CLINICAL PRACTICE
CLINICALCLINICALRESEARCHRESEARCH
(Sample Size)(Sample Size)
Differentdrug
dosages
Lengthof
therapy
Agelimit
Concomitant therapy
not permittedin the trials
Concomitant pathologies
Alterated organ function
DIVARICATION BETWEEN CLINICAL RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE
Referral centres with different experience
Comorbidities
Malnutrition,Diseaseseverity,Surgery
Underlyingdisease
DIFFERENT RISK OF INFECTIONS IN IBD PATIENTS
Referral centre with different experience
- Increased prevalence ranges from 3-20 fold + ElderlyYoung
Age is a significant risk factor for opportunistic infections
1. Toruner M et al. Gastroenterology 2008;134: 929-9362. Rahier JF et al. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 2014; 8,443-68
2 categories of risk :
External to the patientsInherent to the patients
Exposure topathogens
Immunomodulatortherapy
Geographicclustering
Piogenic infections(Pneumonia, TBC,
urinary tract infections)
Viral infections
Immunomodulator therapyViral infections may occur with anti-TNFs, viruses are
more prominent with the thiopurines
Risk factors for opportunistic infections in IBD
Toruner M et al. Gastroenterology 2008
Mayo Clinic:
cases had IBD & opportunistic infections (n=100)
controls had IBD only (n=200)
Lichtenstein GR et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:212-23
SAFETY OF TREATMENTS
Osterman MT et al. Gastroenterology 2014;146:941-9
SAFETY OF TREATMENTS
Risk of malignancies excluding NMSC
Risk of NMSC
Cottone M, et al. CGH 2011
Age is Risk Factor for Severe Infections and Mortalityin Patients Given anti-TNF alpha for IBD
95 elderly patients treated with biologics
190 adult matched controls treated with biologics
190 elderly controls not treated with biologics
UC CD UC CD UC CD
Pts n° 37 58 74 116 74 116
Male/female 20/17 35/23 40/34 70/46 40/34 70/46
Mean age(range) 71 (65-81) 71(65-84) 38(17-64) 39(16-64) 71(65-81) 70(65-80)
Remission n° (%) 22 (59.5) 38 (65.5) 42(56.7) 68 (58.6) - -
Maintenance n° (%) 12 (32.4) 39 (67.2) 24 (32.4) 78 (67.2) - -
Comorbidity n° (%) 35(94.5%) 44 (75.8) 4 (5.4) 6 (5.1) 37 (50) 46(39.6)
Deaths (n°) 4 6 0 2 2 3
Severe infections (n°) 5 6 2 3 1 0
Cancer (n°) 1 1 0 0 1 3
Steroids (n°) 36 54 72 108 74 104
Association antiTNF+AZA/6MP/MTX n(%)
7 (19) 15 (26) 17 (23) 32 (28) - -
10%
11%13%11% 2%
1% 2%
Efficacy and Safety of Anti-TNF Therapy in ElderlyPatients with IBD
(Univariable Analysis)
The rate of adverse events is higher in elderly pts but especially in those with a higher comorbidityCCI: Charlson Comorbiity Index
Ortega TL et al. Mo 1179; DDW 2014
In the multivariable analysis age remained an independent risk factor for severe infection [4,2; (1.2-14-4), p= 0.025] and SAE [2; (1.1-3.7), p= 0.029]
Age > 65 and CCI > 0 were risk factors for malignancy and mortality
Osterman MT et al. Gastroenterology 2014;146:941-9
SAFETY OF TREATMENTS
Risk of malignancies excluding NMSC
Risk of NMSC
Risk of wrong prescriptions and the over treatment of biologics
CASE REPORTA 56-year old man presented tfor severe anemia (hemoglobin 6.7 g/dl) in absence of any sign of gastrointestinal bleeding but positive fecal occult blood test. He had not any previous diagnosis of CD and he was admitted to hospital. GI endoscopy that was normal. Ileocolonoscopy showed blood in the terminal ileum and only some small ulcers in the terminal ileum. Subsequently patient underwent to another ileo-colonoscopy that confirmed previous result. The histopathological examination of the ileal biopsies was compatible to CD diagnosis, confirmed by two pathologists. An MRI enterography was performed and showed increased bowel wall thickness in some ileal loops, narrowed lumen and dilatation confirmed by 2 abdominal CT, MRI and CT showed also multiple increased mesenteric lymph nodes (2-2.5 cm). Crohn’s disease was diagnosed on the basis of MRI enterography and patients began treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg with no benefit.After 1 month, patient with severe abdominal pain, vomit, fever, persistence of severe anemia and melena. A double-ballon enteroscopy was performed but it was incomplete due to trouble in to pass terminal ileum. Given previous findings compatible with Crohn’s disease diagnosis but no response to corticosteroids treatment and the persistence of severe anemia refractory to iron therapy patient underwent surgery.
CASE REPORTA 56-year old man presented tfor severe anemia (hemoglobin 6.7 g/dl) in absence of any sign of gastrointestinal bleeding but positive fecal occult blood test. He had not any previous diagnosis of CD and he was admitted to hospital. GI endoscopy that was normal. Ileocolonoscopy showed blood in the terminal ileum and only some small ulcers in the terminal ileum. Subsequently patient underwent to another ileo-colonoscopy that confirmed previous result. The histopathological examination of the ileal biopsies was compatible to CD diagnosis, confirmed by two pathologists. An MRI enterography was performed and showed increased bowel wall thickness in some ileal loops, narrowed lumen and dilatation confirmed by 2 abdominal CT, MRI and CT showed also multiple increased mesenteric lymph nodes (2-2.5 cm). Crohn’s disease was diagnosed on the basis of MRI enterography and patients began treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg with no benefit.After 1 month, patient with severe abdominal pain, vomit, fever, persistence of severe anemia and melena. A double-ballon enteroscopy was performed but it was incomplete due to trouble in to pass terminal ileum. Given previous findings compatible with Crohn’s disease diagnosis but no response to corticosteroids treatment and the persistence of severe anemia refractory to iron therapy patient underwent surgery.
adenocarcinoma moderately differentiated infiltrating the
muscular layer and the serosa layer and metastasis of the
peritoneum
Moderate
Severe
Conventional step-care
Accelerated step-care
Early top down
Conventional and evolving treatment strategy
Corticosteroids
IMS + TNF
antagonist
Corticosteroids +IMS
Corticosteroids +IMS
IMS + TNF
antagonist
IMS + TNF
antagonist
1998 2015…
Natural course of disease
A theoretical model: early, sustainable efficacy may have the greatest impact on clinical course
Adapted from Jones J, Panaccione R. Curr Opinion Gastroenterol 2008;24:475–81
Time
Dis
abil
ity
Disease onset
2015-16.. onwardsTreatment
at diagnosis
1998–2007Later
treatment
Intervention at diagnosis
Later intervention
S U S T A I N A B L E
2008-2014Earlier
treatment
Conclusions• Anti-TNFs are active long term maintenance therapies in IBD
• Effective interventions with biologics should be initiated before bowel damage becomes irreversible
• Clinical parameters can be used to predict an unfavourable disease course and thus promply identify which patients are at higher risk of disease progression
• Combo therapy seems to be effective than either drug alone in patients with early disease, but new studies are needed
• Patients with disease duration ≤ 2 years are most likely to benefit from TNF antagonists
• Presence of biological normalization suggestive of absence of infraclinical inflammation seems to be associated with a greater clinical benefit
• Optimize dosing of drugs and give therapy long enough but if not efficacious discontinue
Know your patient
Examine your patient
Screen your patient
Teach your patient
Treat and monitor
your patient
Does your patient need biologics?
Detailed interview:
Ideally the medical
history should cover
• Infections (bacterial and fungal)
• TB/opportunistic infections
• History of VZV and HSV
infections
• Immunisation status for HBV
• Vaccination status
• History of travel in tropical area
(future plans to travel in this
area)