INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF

TRI HITA KARANA – TRI MANDALA IN BALI,

INDONESIA

Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture

Republic of Indonesia

2015

Collaborated by:

Local Government of Karangasem District – Bogor Agricultural University

Udayana University

Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System (GIAHS)

Application

LOCATION

• Site: Karangasem, Bali,

Indonesia

• Accessibility:

Jakarta-Denpasar: 2 hours

Denpasar-Amlapura: 2.5 hours

• Area: 839,54 km2

• Agro-Ecological Zones:

tropical climate: wet & dry

land.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM AND GLOBAL IMPORTANCE

• Karangasem District has limited land and

water resources which are features of island

regions.

• The agricultural system of Karangasem

is based on unique Balinese philosophy of

THK and TM which emphasize

harmonization among God, human and

nature.

• Subak for paddy field and Abian for dry land,

with sustainable water resources

management and land use patchwork has

overcome and enabled agriculture to prosper.

• It's has conserve food and livelihood security

for a large population and over ten centuries

Agriculture practices for terraces and flat paddy field, and upland management

Diagram of Tri Hita Karana (top) and

Tri Mandala (bottom) philosophies

TRI HITA KARANA & TRI MANDALA

SUBAK & ABIAN1. Subak for paddy field and Abian for dry land are based on unique Balinese philosophy of THK

and TM which emphasize harmonization among God, human and nature, including respect to

God, importance of human relationship and sustainable use of natural resources such as water

and land.

2. Subak is mainly water management system by Subak organization, and under Subak, limited

water resource is distributed equally and efficiently

3. Abian is mainly land use system by Abian organization, and under Abian, limited land resource

is used efficiently and sustainably such as land use mosaics and agroforestry which maintains

diverse crops.

Primary and secondary irrigation system of Subak System, paddy field, upland crops

Abian System on mixed gardens and stoned terraces for agroforestry/agrosilvopastural

FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY

• Food security suited local food from wet and dry farmland

• Main agriculture product is rice, Seraya corn, cassava, sweet

potato, Culik peanuts and soy bean, also includes the fishery

sub-sector (marine and fresh water) and cattle raising by using

agro-silvo-pastural practices.

• Agriculture products contributed the most to Regional Gross

Domestic Product involved 47% of total labor wongking in this

sector.

Snacks made from fish and chicken feet (left), traditional rice

cookies with palm sugar inside and coconut topping (right)

Local culinary made from sea

foods and dry land vegetable

Red and Sugar snake fruits; Manggosteen, Seraya corn , Balinese cattle and Gembrong goat

Offering elements consist of agriculture products: flowers, coconut and leaf, fruits, and meat

Local Balinese rice, wani mango, and Balinese durian

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION Diverse agriculture activities and diverse genetic resources & biodiversity as

food crops, vegetables, fruits, and livestocks.

Terraces on stone walls (left), terraced dry land hill (mid) and water pond (right)

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND ADAPTED TECHNOLOGIES

Irrigation system as knowledge systems and technology adaptation applied in Subak

water management system

CULTURES, VALUE SYSTEMS & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Mendak Toya (left)Tumpek Uduh in rice field (mid), Tumpek Wariga in mix garden (right)

Galungan Celebration

Subak system consist of 16

types of ritual activities, starting

from taking water for irrigation

namely “Mendak Toya

Ceremony” to post-harvest

activities in the storage called

“Mantenin Ceremony”.

REMARKABLE LANDSCAPES, LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FEATURES

In Karangasem is possible to find Subak rice fields and upland crops, also

Abian throughout the region as remarkable landscape

Subak Tirta Gangga (left); Subak Lumpadang (right)

Sayan Samu Hill (left) ; Abian Seraya stoned uplands (right)

THREATS AND CHALLENGES Threats

1. The speedy development on tourism in Bali has affected Karangasem

District and threatened the land use shifts.

2. The weakening spirit among the young generation coming from farmers‟

family and having no intention to be farmers as their profession.

Landuse and landcover changes for infrastructure (left) due to the speedy

development on tourism (right).

Challenges

A number of challenges are faced to protect the existence of agriculture by

using the systems of Subak and Abian by keeping Subak Temple called “Pura

Subak” and Abian Temple called “Pura Abian” as a form of social stability.

DYNAMIC CONSERVATION PLAN FOR GIAHS SELECTED SITE

Five action plans:

1. To protect agricultural land by the law

2. To establish Research and Development

Center for Agribusiness and Agro-tourism

3. To empower community development –

PNPM Mandiri

4. To conserve and to promote

Ecosystem Services

5. To conserve Agricultural diversity and

food security – SIMANTRI, P2KP, KRPL

Agribusiness Center – post harvest

agriculture product Improvement

Promoting ecosystem

services

Land use & cover changes

National Program for

Comm. Dev/PNPM

Mandiri - iprovement

agriculture infrastructure

Agrobiodiversity conservation

by Integrated Farming System/

SIMANTRI

MATUR SUKSEMATERIMAKASIH

GRACIAS