Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Tri Hita Karana
Citation preview
TRI HITA KARANA AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN BUGBUG TRADITIONAL VILLAGE, BALI, INDONESIA
A CANDIDATE FOR: GLOBALLY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMS
(GIAHS) PROGRAMME, FAO, ROME
Proposed by:
GIAHS TEAM REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
MAY 2014
2 | P a g e
CONTENTS
SUMMARY INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEM ........... 7
1.1. National and Global Importance ........................................................................ 7
1.1.1 Tri Hita Karana Concept from the Local to the Global ............................... 7
1.1.2. Subak and Abian System, the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province ......... 8
1.1.3. Distinctive Traditional Village of Bugbug .................................................. 9
1.2. Characteristics of the Proposed GIAHS ........................................................... 15
1.2.1. THK for Securing Food and Livelihood .................................................. 15
1.2.1. Biodiversity of THK and Its Ecological Functions ................................ 26
1.2.2. Biodiversity of THK and Its Ecological Functions ................................ 27
1.2.3. Knowledge Systems and Adapted Technologies of THK .................... 40
1.2.4. Culture and Value Systems Related to THK ....................................... 41
1.2.5. Remarkable Landscapes of THK ........................................................ 43
CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO THK ............. 46
2.1. Community Characteristics .............................................................................. 46
2.2. The Role of Local Government ........................................................................ 46
CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF THK AND TRADITIONAL VILLAGE ............................... 51
3.1. Tri Hita Karana (THK) ...................................................................................... 51
3.2. History of Traditional Bugbug Village ............................................................... 54
CHAPTER 4 CONTEMPORARY MEANINGS OF THK .............................................. 57
4.1. Irrigation Planning Standards (IPS) ................................................................. 57
4.2. .................................................................................................................. 57
CHAPTER 5 THREATS AND CHALLENGES THK FACES ....................................... 58
5.1. Threats Faced by Bugbug Village .................................................................... 58
5.1.1. Competition in Water Distribution for STHK system ............................ 58
5.1.2. Disobeying the STHK Irrigation Pattern .............................................. 59
5.1.3. Land Fragmentation ........................................................................... 59
5.1.4. Land Conversions .............................................................................. 59
5.2. Challenges for GIAHS Developments .............................................................. 60
5.2.1. Preserving Social and Cultural Characteristic ........................................ 60
5.2.2. Maintainaing STHK as International Planning Standards (IPS) .............. 61
CHAPTER 6 EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THK ............................................................ 62
6.1. Inventorying the Historical Agricultural Activities .............................................. 62
6.2. Local Wisdom as Ikatan Warga Bugbug (IWB) ................................................ 62
3 | P a g e
CHAPTER 7 ACTION PLANS TO PRESERVE AND UTILIZE THK ........................... 65
7.1. Bugbug Village is Established as Traditional Village ........................................ 65
7.2. Land Conversion Regulations .......................................................................... 65
7.3. Financial Guidance for Community Welfare ..................................................... 65
7.4. Collaboration Initiatives ................................................................................... 65
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 67
ANNEX ....................................................................................................................... 68
1. List of Important Plants Species ...................................................................... 68
2. List of Important Animals Species .................................................................... 68
3. Awig Awig ........................................................................................................ 68
4 | P a g e
SUMMARY INFORMATION
1. Candidate’s name Tri Hita Karana Agricultural System in Bugbug
Traditional Village, Bali, Indonesia
2. Applicant Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University
3. Supporting
Organization
Coordinating Ministry of Public Welfare, Republic of
Indonesia
Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University
Local Government of KarangasemDistrict
Karangasem District Planning and Development
Agency (BAPPEDA)
Bugbug Traditional Village (Desa Adat)
Bugbug Village (Pekon)
4. Location
Wet (subak) and dry (abian/sayang) agricultural
system
Administrative: Bugbug Village – Karangasem
Sub-District – Karangasem District – Bali Province
76 km from Denpasar City, Bali Province
Coordinate: 08o 29’ 00” Latitude dan 115 o 35’ 21”
Longitude
5. Accessibility of the site
to capital city or major
cities :
Bugbug Village is the eastern most administrative
village in Karangasem District, Bali Province,
access by boat or aircraft
2.0 hr flight: Jakarta Denpasar
2.0 hr drive: Denpasar Bugbug
5 | P a g e
5.0 hr boat: Karangasem Lembar Harbour (West
Lombok) – Padang Bai (Karangasem)
15 min drive: Padang Bai - Bugbug
6. Area :
± 8.87 km2
7. Land Use Main landuse types in Bugbug Village are classified into
sawah/paddy field (129.73 ha), tegalan/dry land (30.36
ha), pekarangan/home gardens (64.87 ha), kebun
campuran/mixed gardens (340.00 ha), cemetery (3 ha),
and others (319.00 ha) (Statistic Data of Karangasem
District 2012).
8. Agro-Ecological Zone/s Type E (Schmidt-Fergusson)
9. Topographic features :
Flat and hilly (hill name as follow: Bukit Asah, Bukit
Dukuh, Bukit Bako, Bukit Curu, Bukit Tenganan, Bukit
Penyu, and Bukit Maninggal)
10. Climate Type : Bali has tropical climate appropriate to its proximity to
the equator. Year round temperatures averaging 31º C.
High humidity can be expected during the Wet Season
between the months of October - April. The Dry Season
between the months of May - September have also the
lowest humidity.
11. Village Population : 2,732 households or 10,134 inhabitants (Statistic Data
of Karangasem District 2012)
12. Livelihoods :
Farmer and Fisherman
13. Ethnicity/Indigenous
community
Balinese
14. Summary Information of
the Agricultural Heritage
System
Tri Hita Karana (THK) as a hinduism philosophy in Bali also implemented on Subak agricultural systems. It consists of three concepts. The first, “Parahyangan” is relation between human and God(s), which is implemented as Pura Sawah (temple in the paddy field). The second is “Pawongan”, this concept implemented as farmer (pekaseh/leader and pawongan/member). The last one is “Palemahan” paddy field/dried field and its boundaries. The position and arrangement describe the orientation of human position both vertically and horizontally toward the position of mountains, land and sea. The existence of space allocation based on religious tradition has made it possible for the distribution of building mass and plants to happen in each part purposively. Artificially and naturally, the realization of space management pattern result in variations in habitat that looks like a cultural extent (landscape). THK also implemented on variety of dry land system (abian syatem) both on their “kebun campuran” or mixed gardens and “pekarangan” (home gardens). The variety of plants are found on
6 | P a g e
“Parahyangan” area of the house “merajan” or “sanggah” (“utama-mandala”), i.e. spirituals plants; on “Pawongan” area of the house where the main building placed (“madya-mandala”) are herbal plants; and the “Palemahan” area of the house (“nista-mandala”) are bulbs crops and livestock feed crops.
Tri Hita Karana Concept
7 | P a g e
CHAPTER 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEM
1.1. National and Global Importance
1.1.1 Tri Hita Karana Concept from the Local to the Global
This Sub-Chapter consists of the back-ground of Tri Hita Karana (THK), a concept of
space management. This concept has been implemented by Hindu community in all
Bali Island in order to arrange the spatial management from bio-regional scale, rural and
banjar area scale, until the smallest open space of “pekarangan” or home garden.
Expression of indigenous knowledge about landscape has the purpose of giving
appreciation toward different experiences in human’s relation with his environment. One
of these is a rural landscape system in Bali. Human being as a creature of culture
always attempt creation, not just accepting the universe in its natural condition as a
dwelling place. Based on place (desa), time (kala) and condition (patra), human being
makes a creating place, which are among others village layout, the home garden and
the house exposed in culture extent (landscape). Landscape between village
(residential areas) having agricultural production system in the form of rice fields and
dry fields, and system of worshipping place. The result of this creation as a cultural
extent is expected to give them feeling of establishment, peacefulness and welfare, just
like calmness of each creature in each habitat/nature. Based on experiences, point of
view and belief, human beings duplicate macro-cosmos as a concept in building houses,
arranging the home garden pattern as well as the position of their village as an
adaptation of miniature universe. Figure 1 indicates integration of human’s perception
toward the university and himself as a micro-cosmos in Tri Mandala system
(Suryadarma, 1991). In a hierarchy it can be seen that in building system, houses, home
garden as far as the island human beings perceive themselves as proportional parts the
head is expressed as the main part, the body as the middle one and the lower part as an
expression of services (Arifin, Arifin, Suryadarma, 2003). In Tri Hita Karana concept, as
a human body consists of head (Parahyangan), body (Pawongan) and legs
(Palemahan). Furthermore, in spatial management of village we have recognized
Parahyangan is sacred or holy zone for praying such as “pura” or temple site,
Pawongan is a settlement, place for human activities, and Palemahan is agricultural
supporting zone.
8 | P a g e
Fig. 1. Balinese basic “man on space” concept: the relationship between micro-cosmos and macro-cosmos in Tri Mandala system (Arifin, Arifin, Suryadarma 2003).
1.1.2. Subak and Abian System, the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province
The Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy comprises five
sets of rice terraces and associated water temples. The Subak System refers to the
thousand year old self-governing associations of farmers who share the use of irrigation
water for their rice fields. Water from volcanic lakes is diverted through rivers and
channels to end up in the rice terraces (World Heritage Site,
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/bali.html). Subak and Tri Hita Karana (STHK) was
already known by the world community, especially landscape subak in Jatiluwih which
has been established as a world cultural heritage system by UNESCO.
Subak, agriculture water management system in Bali is not a mere irrigation system.
The water that irrigates the paddy fields comes from the water temple surrounded by the
paddy fields. The cultural landscape of Bali consists of five rice terraces and their water
temples that cover 19,500 ha. The temples are the focus of a cooperative water
management system of canals and weirs, known as subak, that dates back to the 9th
century. Included in the landscape is the 18th-century Royal Water Temple of Pura
Taman Ayun, the largest and most impressive architectural edifice of its type on the
island (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194). The subak reflects the philosophical concept
of Tri Hita Karana, which brings together the realms of the spirit, the human world and
nature. This philosophy was born of the cultural exchange between Bali and India over
the past 2,000 years and has shaped the landscape of Bali. The subak system of
democratic and egalitarian farming practices has enabled the Balinese to become the
most prolific rice growers in the archipelago despite the challenge of supporting a dense
population.
9 | P a g e
1.1.3. Distinctive Traditional Village of Bugbug
The history of Bugbug village can not be seperated from the natural phenomenon of the
eruption of Mt. Agung. Based on the book of “Eka Ilikita” the eruption area caused the
land become so fertile and that inviting people to settle surroundings. But, the former
lava and such a big rock were blocking the river flow toward the east
(coastal/downstream area) and it formed a swamp called “Telaga Ngembeng”. Later,
people who settled around “Telaga Ngembeng” is known as a forerunner of Bugbug
villager.
Bugbug is a representative of traditional village in Bali. It’s managed by two leaders of
the village. As a traditional Village or “Desa Adat”, Bugbug is managed by “Kelian Desa
Adat”. On the other side, as an administrative structure, Bugbug is known as “Desa
Perbekel or Desa Dinas”, administratively it’s managed by a government representative
leader, namely “Kepala Desa” or “Lurah”. Both of leaders are working together in
harmonized system.
Bugbug Village has diverse landscapes from hilly, undulating, until flat areas, which is
closed to the beach (Figure 2). Therefore, Bugbug has varies of land uses and land
covers for agriculture system. Beside Subak, farmer organization that manages the
water resources system for wet land/paddy field, also it’s found “Subak Abian”. Subak
Abian is general term in Bali for farmer organization of dry land management system.
However, in Traditional Village of Bugbug, it’s well known a special term of “Sayan”, it’s
same meaning with “Subak Abian” in general of Bali.
Furthermore, there are 1127 groups of Subak Abian as dry land farmer organization in
Bali (Statistic data 2013). Subak Abian is a partnership of Plantation & Estate Agency
(“Dinas Perkebunan”), Bali Provincei in order to operate plantation development in Bali
(http://www.disbunbali.info/berita/detail/26-subak-abian-batur-pendem-desa-pujungan-k
ecamatan-pupuan-kabupaten-tabanan) .
Remarkable Landscape of Mt. Agung (left), Bugbug Village (center & right)
10 | P a g e
Subak Irrigation System in Bugbug Village
Rice field in Bugbug Village
Subak ABian or Sayan, dry land management system of mixed garden in Bugbug Village
Balinese animal husbandry: local chickens (left), local cows (center) and goats (right) in Bugbug
Traditional Harbor of Fishermen in Bugbug Beach (left), White Sand Beach (center & right)
Fig. 2. Landsape Diversity of Bugbug Traditional Village, Bali
11 | P a g e
Fig. 3. Historical Diagrams of Bugbug People
The relation of the diagram to agricultural practices today (Subak & Abian) has long
been applied by the “Padukuhan” who lived there for the first time by giving the area
name “Persubakan Bunglunan”. They began working in the rice fields and dry land in
Subak Bunglunan. The people worship “Bhatara Hyang Siwaning Bhumi” as a center of
worship and belong to Hindu “Vaishnava” stream or Vaishnavism.
Todays Agriculture paractices of Bugbug is currently still based on the teachings of
Hindu religion in which one of concept applied in Balinese Hinduism life is “Tri Hita
Karana”. The concept means “three causes of happiness” and the concept was applied
also to the farming activities of Bugbug villager. The first is “Parahyangan” can be seen
from “Pura Subak” and “Pura Bedugul” in the Subak to performed the ceremony before
planting, harvesting both in land or at the sea (aci segara). The second is “Pawongan”
can be seen from the subak or sayan organization. The last is “Palemahan” can be seen
as the area of agriculture and its diversity such as Bali rice variety, wani mango,
grapefruit, Bali cattle variety, Bali goats, Bali chickens, and local pork.
Farmers in Bugbug also working in other than agricultural sectors such as carpenter,
[Austronesian]
In groups & moving all over Bali Island
(Bnwa ing Bangsul)
Pre-Village
“Jero Mekel” as a Leader
Pre-Village
“Jero Mekel” as a Leader
Pre-Village
“Jero Mekel” as a Leader
Bugbug Vilage
(Ki Taruna Bali Mula)
Padukuhan Subak Bunglunan
12 | P a g e
merchants/traders, or even government officers. For that kind of farmer they work the
farm in early morning - working in other sector - go back to the farm in the evening. They
maintain their farm land actually to fulfill their needs and religious needs (crops and
livestock as a means of ceremony). Therefore, they can sustain various agricultural
crops such as rice, glutinous rice, collards, water spinach, green beans, corn, chili,
cucumber, water melon, and pacar air flower. Some plants also planted on the edge of
rice fields such as bananas, sugar cane, African marigold, hummingbird trees, pandan
leaves, elephant grass. Intercropping system was also carried out (long beans with
pacar air, corn with peppers). Most farmers used organic fertilizers and pesticides.
Therefore, Subak Tri Hita Karana in Bugbug Traditional Village is potential candidate for
both national and international GIAHS.
13 | P a g e
Fig. 4.Territorial and orientation of Bugbug Village
14 | P a g e
Fig. 5. Bugbug Traditional Village
15 | P a g e
1.2. Characteristics of the Proposed GIAHS
1.2.1. THK for Securing Food and Livelihood
Livelihoods of the people in Bugbug village mostly are farmers and fishermen.
Agricultural activities practiced mostly rice cultivation managed with Subak irrigation
system. Besides paddy, there are some other agricultural commodities also cultivated
i.e dry crops (palawija) and other crops such as bananas , corn , long beans and
cashew. To meet the needs of protein, they get it from the local fishermen. Type of fish
the fishermen ussually get is tuna (field survey, September 2013 ) .
Landuse types in Bugbug village are divided into paddy area, approximately about
126.96 Ha (14.32 % of surface area) and non-paddy area or dry land, approximately
about 756.89 Ha (85.68 % of surface area). The area also divided in to Subak
management system, there are five Subak in Bugbug village (Subak Glogor, Subak
Pesa, Subak Mepaang, Subak Tegakin, and Subak Lumpadang) with 545 members
(District of Karangasem In Figures 2012).
Table 1. Type and Number of Agricultural Comodity in Bugbug Village
Type of Comodity Total area (ha) Or
Number of Owners (persons)
Productivity (ton/ha)
Or Population
Agricultural:
Chilli 2.25 -
Corn 17.00 68.00
Cucumber 7.25
Long beans 7.57 -
Peanuts 62.95 314.75
Rice 27.50 1,925.00
Sweet potato 11.45 -
Water melon 1 -
Bali Cattle 283 467.00
Bali Chicken - 9,632.00
Broiler - 94,200.00
Ducks - 615.00
Dogs - 283.00
Goats - 30.00
Pork - 1,876.00
Source: Potency of Bugbug Village, 2012
16 | P a g e
Table 2. Fishermen Groups in Bugbug Traditional Village
Total of fisherman group found in the village are 13 groups (Giri Samudra, Jaya Arnawa,
Samudra Harapan, Sari Merta Baruna, Sih Amerta Baruna, Sari Baruna, Sari Wahyu
Baruna, Sami Rahayu, Samudra Bali, Amerta Segara, Ayu Manik Segara, Ayu Segara,
Widiana). Each fisherman group is consists of 20-56 people.
The marketing of agricultural products (also fish product) in Bugbug village were directly
to consumers and retailers in Bugbug traditional market (Fig) and other traditional
market (Kusamba Market). The farmer (also as trader) sell the products of agriculture
(also fish product) in traditional packaging and simple processing and then sold directly
to the consumers.
17 | P a g e
Kelompok petani nelayan (fishermen groups) in Bugbug Traditional Village.
Simantri program – revitalize cattle farmers and bio-energy development in Bugbug
Small holder of Balinese cows
18 | P a g e
Goat in farmers family level
Pig and local chicken in Bugbug Traditional Village
Balinese cock for “Sabung Ayam” fighting chicken
19 | P a g e
Colored local coks
Farmer group and discussion in the field
Woman labors in the field in very common in Bugbug Traditional Village
20 | P a g e
Rice field and other crops, such as water spinach and elephant grass
Rice fieldsin Bugbug Traditional Village
Impatiens balsamina fileds in Bugbug Traditional Village
Marygold and Impatiens fields
21 | P a g e
Grazing
Grasses and water spinach
Multiple crtopping rice and other crops
Spinanch and green Chinese cabage
22 | P a g e
Coconuts, bananas, and long bean
Abian/sayan system and harvested coconut
Fig. 6. Regional and Space Planning Regulation
23 | P a g e
Bugbug Traditional Village Market
“Warung” vendor inside of Bugbug Traditional Village
Praying Ceremonial kits vendors
Fig. 7. Bugbug tradisional market, shops and vendors keep sustainability of agricultural products
24 | P a g e
Watermelon
“Teep” nuts
Papaya
Corn
Dry bay leaf for spice
Dry mango leaf for aromatic therapy
Traditional packaging of agricultural products for community daily life in Bugbug
Balinese offerings consist of diversity of fruits from local agricultural products, but recently it is found some imported fruits, such as apple and orange.
25 | P a g e
Satay lilit and bakso made from sea fish, fried local chicken and plecing (local peanut salad), and sambal (chili sauce) Balinese culinary in Bugbug
Local sea foods, plecing and degan/coconut juice(left) and another plecing composition, tilapia fish of water pond culinary, and fish chips
Local Bugbug snacks made from fish and chicken feet (left) and “kelepon”, traditional rice cookies with palm sugar inside and coconut topping (right)
Fig. 9. Food Diversity of Agricultural Product
For religious purposes, a variety of agricultural products are also utilized. So it is
necessary for Bugbug people to maintain their land with agricultural activity with its
biodiversity.
26 | P a g e
Praying kits made from oconut leaves (left) and dried banana leaves (right)
Impatiens flowers and sliced pandanus leaves
“Canang sari”, daily offering flowers for Hinduism praying kits
Fig. 10. Kind of horticultural products, varieties of flower, coconut leaves and banana leaves for “canang sari” of religious purposes.
1.2.1. Biodiversity of THK and Its Ecological Functions
Ecosystem diversity found in the Bugbug village is wetland ecosystem (in the form of
Subak), dry land ecosystem, and coastal ecosystem. Subak biodiversity found such as
rice, banana, corn, beans, and cashew nuts (field survey, September 2013). In addition,
there is a form of livestock biodiversity such as (1,404 animals), pigs (5,576 animals),
goats (403 animals), poultry (17,500 locals and broilers 189,500 broilers), ducks (250
animals), and other cattle (280 animals) (Karangasem district in Figures 2012).
27 | P a g e
Table 3. The linkage of agricultural and livestock product to religious ceremonies/ festivals in Balinese Hindu
Name of Ceremonies/ Festivals
Commodities Needed
Agricultural Livestock
Galungan Festivals
“Penjor”: bamboo, traditional cake, coconut, young coconut leaves, variegated corton, pala bungkah or tubers (sweet potato), pala gantung or hanging product (coconut, cucumber, banana), pala wija or cereals (rice, corn) sugar cane, and the offerings (flowers, fruits)
-
Melasti Festivals (Hari Raya Melasthi/ Mekiyis)
Banten Perani (banana leaves, west Indian jasmine leaves, rice, vagetables (delungdung leaves, piduh leaves, kacang lentor leaves, bengkel leaves, kecarum leaves, ketela leaves, dagdag leaves, tubers (sweet potato, cassava, ubi sikep, ubi dara), canang sari (offerings from flowers and coconut leaves),and fruits.
Pajegan: fruits, traditional cake, canang
side dishes (from fresh water, ocean, wet land, forest),
Odalan Pura Bukit Gumang
Hsarifin (2013)
Some spices plant and cassava leaves
“Babi Guling” – pig grill is traditional Balinese culinary is made from a whole piggy, which is filled by some spices and vegetables, such as cassava leaves. It’s grilled with 360o rotated till brownies and crispy.
Source : Sudarsana (2003)
1.2.2. Biodiversity of THK and Its Ecological Functions
Bugbug Traditional Village has diversity of ecosystem, i.e. wetland ecosystem (in the
form of Subak), dry land ecosystem (Subak Abian or Sayan), and coastal ecosystem.
“Subak” and “Sayan” biodiversity is found such as rice, banana, corn, beans, long bean,
28 | P a g e
spinach, water spinach “kangkung”, anual flowers of impatiens and marry gold/cosmos,
elephant grasses, coconut, fruits and cashew nuts (field survey, September 2013 and
April 2014). In addition, there is a form of livestock diversity such as cows (1,404 heads),
pigs (5,576 heads), goats (403 heads), poultry (17,500 locals and broilers 189,500
broilers), ducks (250 heads), and other cattle (280 heads) (Karangasem District Statistic
Data 2012).
Table 4. Plants diversity in Bugbug Traditional Village
Species Name Description Utilization For Traditional
Native
F l o r a
PANDAN WANGI
Food stock, spice, “canang”, aromatic therapy
Bangka, Indonesia
Pandan leaves
(Pandanus amaryllfolium)
PISANG
Food stock, table fruit, cooking, “banten”, banana leaf for some praying kits
South East Asia Banana
(Musa spp.)
JAGUNG MANIS
Food stock as carbohydrate source
America
Sweet Corn
(Zea mays)
KELAPA
Food stock “copra”, spice, coconut milk, Medicine, coconut juice, nata de coco, coconut leaves for praying kits, “penjor”
America
Coconut palm
(Cocos nucifera)
29 | P a g e
KELAPA GADING
Medicine, coconut leaves and fruits for ceremony kits,
Asia
Coconut
(Cocos nucifera)
JERUK BALI
Food stock, fruit, “sukade” snack, nutrition source
Indo-China, Thailand, Malaya Bali Grapefruit
(Maximus citrus)
30 | P a g e
PADI BALI Balinese local rice (Oryza sativa)
Carbohydrate stock
Bali
PADI New variety of Rice – IR64 (Oryza sativa)
Carbohydrate stock
IRRI Los Banos – the Philippines
KWENI Wani mango (Mangifera odorata)
Vitamin and medicine, table fruit, offering use
Indonesia
Kenikir Marigold (Tagetes erecta)
Offering use Mexico
31 | P a g e
“Pacar Air” ROSE BALSAM (Impatiens balsamina)
Offering use South Asia (India & Burma)
POHON TURI Hummingbird Tree (Sesbania grandiflora)
Microclimate ameliorate, Nitrogen fixation, vegetables, nutrition source, feeds
South America
KANGKUNG Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
Food Stock, vegetable, nutrition source
East Indian
SAWI Chinese green cabbage (Brassica campestris)
Food stock, vegetables, nutrition source
China
KACANG PANJANG Long beans (Vigna sinensis)
Food Stock, vegetables, nutrition source
South America
32 | P a g e
MENTIMUM Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Food Stock Nutrition Medicine
India
SEMANGKA Watermelon (Citrullus latunus)
Food stock, table fruit, Nutrition source
Africa
CABE RAWIT Chilli (Capsicum annum)
Food stock, spice, vegetable, medicine
South America
PURING Variegated Corton (Codiaeum variegatum)
Offering use, ornamental plant
India, Srilanka, Indonesia, Malayasia
BUNGA SOKA West Indian Jasmine (Ixora coccinea)
Offering use, ornamental plant
Tropical Asia
KAMBOJA KUNING Frangipani (Plumeria sp)
Sacred Plant Central to South America
33 | P a g e
AIR MATA PENGANTIN Rose of Montana (Antigonon leptopus)
Offering use, ornamental plant
Central Mexico to South America
DURIAN (Durio zibenthino)
Food stock, fruit Indonesia
34 | P a g e
SAWO SAPOTA (Manilkara kauki)
Food Stock, table fruit, nutrition source
Indonesia
JOHAR CASSIA (Cassia fistula)
Offering use, legume, Nitrogen fixation
Asia
BELIMBING Star Fruit (Averhoa blimbii)
Food stock, fruit, Nutrition source
KATUK Gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus)
Vegetables, medicine, nutrition source
KELOR Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Medicine, feeds
35 | P a g e
SUKUN (TEEP) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Carbohydrate stock, medicine, “obat pengusir nyamuk” mosquito repellant
KOL BANDA Pisonia (Pisonia alba)
Medicine, ornamental plant
DELIMA HITAM Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
Food stock, offering use, medicine
36 | P a g e
MAJA Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Ornamental plant, shading tree, medicine
INDIA
PANDAN BALI Pandan Laut (Pandanus sp,)
Bali
PEPAYA Papaya (Carica papaya)
Food stock, table fruit
South America
JAMBU AIR Water apple (Syzigium aquaeum)
Food stock,fruit, nutrition source
South America
37 | P a g e
POHON BERINGIN Banyan (Ficus benjamina)
Sacred plant, shading tree, wildlife habitat
Asia
F a u n a
SAPI BALI Balinese cattle (Bibos sondaicus)
Protein and fat source
Bali, Indonesia
LEBAH BALI Balinese Honey Bee
Vitamin and nutrition source
38 | P a g e
BABI BALI Balinese pig
Meat and fat source
AYAM BALI Balinese local chicken
Protein source, fighting cocks
GURAMI Tilapia fish (Oriochromis niloticus)
Protein and nutrition source
Africa
KAMBING BALI Balinese goat
Meat protein and fat source
Kokokan Birds
Endemic species
39 | P a g e
Tekukur Bird (Streptopelia chinensis)
KERA EKOR PANJANG Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Sacred animal in Bali: Pura/ temples and forest in Bugbug Village
KUPU-KUPU Buterfly
Wildlife
CAPUNG Dragon fly (Anisoptera)
Air pollution indicator, wildlife
ULAR SAWAH/ ULAR TIKUS Ricefield snake (Ptyas korros)
Wet land of rice field. Rat predator
Jawa, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Taiwan, China
40 | P a g e
KADAL Lizard (Lacerta agilis)
Wet-Dry land/yard
1.2.3. Knowledge Systems and Adapted Technologies of THK
Knowledge systems and technology adaptation applied in the Bugbug Traditional
Village is Subak water management system. In its application, the farmers who have a
source of water forming associations with the same water temple (Pura Sawah) and
then jointly plan water distribution system.
Fig. 11. Subak and Abian (Sayan)
In Bugbug village, there are generally known how to control mice based on their local
wisdom associated with pest control. Countermeasure against the rat occur if there are
special features occours such as the discovery of black rats in rice fields and invisibility
of mice constellations. When both features appear, then that is the best time to perform
mice pest control by means of Pengabenan ceremony (such as human bodies burned
deceased) ((Field Survey, September 2013).
41 | P a g e
Fig. 12. Irigation system of Subak in Bugbug Traditional Village
Fig. 13. Local knowledge in keeping the paddies resource
1.2.4. Culture and Value Systems Related to THK
Subak known as rice irrigation system in Bali. Its culture and customs also known to be
strongly bound with the Balinese Hindu culture. In any activity related to Subak, the are
always accompanied by activities that reflect the closeness with the Creator. The series
of religious ceremonies conducted related Subak activities such as (Pitana et al, 1993):
Mendag toya
Ngendagin
Ngurit
Newasen
Mebalik sumpah
Neduh
Biukukung
Merebu/Banten Manyi
42 | P a g e
Ngusaba
Mantenin
Odalan
In its implementation, Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept is applied in the Subak. The
application of this concept aims to maintain the balance of life in accordance with the
teachings of Hinduism. THK elements that can be found in the Subak system such as
(Purwita, 1993 in Pitana (ed), 1993):
1. Parahyangan
Each subak has its own temple called Pura Subak/Ulun Carik, Pura Bedugul/Ulun
Empelan or other designation, as an element of God.Pawongan
Fig 14. Ulun Suwi Temple (left) and Bedugul Temple (right) in Subak
2. Pawongan
Each Subak havee a members called "Krama Subak" or in some place called "Krama
Carik" as an element of society
3. Palemahan
Subak have an area/agricultural area with natural boundaries such as rivers, roads,
large embankment, villages etc.
The application of THK in Subak system and community life in the Bugbug village
generallya that all kinds of activities related to villlage activities for one year has been
prepared, planned, and documented in the form of "Calendar Events of Bugbug Village".
It is also has an explaination of the ceremonial days (rainan) on each month, including
ceremonies related to the Subak.
43 | P a g e
Fig. 15. Bugbug People Worshipping in the Temple
1.2.5. Remarkable Landscapes of THK
Landscape formation of the he terraced (undag) rice field are common characteristic
of Subak view in Bali. It is simplyfy water management system from the mountain, dams,
rivers, telabah, or kekalen to the field area. The beauty of the terraced rice fields provide
more value to the rural agricultural landscape of Bugbug village. It has a potential to
scenic resources of Subak in Bugbug Traditional Village. The other scenic potential
landscape that also interesting is coastal landscape view, especially coastal landscape
view from White Sand (Pasir Putih) beach.
View of Bugbug (left) and Mt. Agung from Bukit Asah Hilltop(right)
44 | P a g e
Bugbug Beach View from Bukit Gundul Hilltop
Pasir Putih Beach (left) and View of the Beach from Road Side (right)
Cliff and Sailor village in Bugbug Beach
Lotus pond and temple in Candi Dasa Beach
45 | P a g e
Agricultural landscape of rice fields with Subak Systems and dry land with Subak Abian System in Bugbug Traditional Village
Fig. 16. Some Remarkable Landscape View of Bugbug Village
46 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO THK
2.1. Community Characteristics
The village administration system in Bugbug managed by "Desa Perbekel” or “Desa
Dinas” (governmental administrative village) and "Desa Adat" (tradition village). Desa
adat is an extension of the "desa dinas". In "desa adat" systems, land occupied by
indigenous communities. Only Bugbug people entitled to use the land, not to control it or
even to sold it to outsider. This system has already protected the agricultural system in
Bugbug. It is because the customary land were not divided and that the land - at least -
were designated as agricultural land will survive and be maintained by the heir of the
land managers.
Furthermore, the harmonization of leadership occurred between both the village leader
in deciding policy. It is conditioned because until now borh the village leader are
brothers, they are a direct descendant of Bendesa Mas (the first government leader in
Bugbug which is sent directly by the King of Klungkung).
2.2. The Role of Local Government
Need more explanation to explore the relation between Formal Government and STHK
Government village office (left) and traditional village office (right) in Bugbug
47 | P a g e
Community halls facilities are provided by both of “desa dinas” and “desa adat”
Pura Desa (left) and Bale Agung, village community halls (right) in Bugbug
One of public bath room, as a communication place among the communities at Bugbug
Some Social Programs were Held by Bugbug Traditional Village
48 | P a g e
Village Consultation and Mutual Assistance in Bugbug Village
“Perang Pandan” Festival in Bugbug Village
“Odalan”, Temple Ceremonies in Bukit Gundul Hilltop
49 | P a g e
Banten or offering for praying (left) and accessories (right) in Balinese Ceremonies
50 | P a g e
Fig. 17. Offering equipment and agricultural biodiversity
51 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF THK AND TRADITIONAL VILLAGE
3.1. Tri Hita Karana (THK)
Based on the experience, a view on culture and cosmology referred to religious values
has been expressed by Balinese in a space management pattern for hundred years.
Cosmological actualization is in the home garden pattern along with the expression of
color symbols. The positioning of building mass and the types of plants is the realization
of totally concrete thought, possessing visual characteristic of that magical and religious
(Arifin, Arifin, Suryadarma 2003). Pattern of behavior existing in the society and
uniformly adopted is expected to be supportive to the strategy of sustainable living
picturing fairness between one region and another and among generations in
agro-ecosystem land, home garden in rural areas especially (Fig. 18).
Fig. 18. Tri Angga Concept: Part of Plant on a Home Garden (Arifin, Suryadarma and Arifin, 2003)
52 | P a g e
Conception of traditional architecture in Bali (Budihardjo, 1986) is based on
nine-roomed conception (sanga mandala) as a cosmological orientation and
three-hierarchical value (tri angga) on the position of all objects in space dimension. A
realization of it has been zoning of home garden pattern into three parts (mandala): (1)
Parahyang, (2) Pawongan, and (3) Palemahan. Parahyangan as part of primary
mandala, a sacred part, directs the head toward the direction of mountain and the
sunrise. Pawonganas middle mandala (madya), place of building mass is located in on
the land considered as the body. Palemahan as the last mandala, as a service center
is at the sea direction of the sea and the sunset. Hence integration of space functional
structure of home garden based the conception of religious tradition and cosmology is
realized. This is accordance with the essence of relationship between human
being-nature-and the creator in tri hitakarana conception, which are three causes of
happiness (Pendit, 1984): (1) God as the main cause and source of happiness, (2)
Human being as the doer based on obligation (sivam), and (3) The universe as place of
implementation. The integration of three is the source of our happiness (hita). Space
management of rural areas, the home garden and placing arrangement of buildings are
related to arrangement of plants cultivation. Plants producing flowers used in rituals are
grown in parahyangan areas, which are sacred zones.Palemahan is a place for caging
animals and growing plants for daily needs (Dherana, 1981). The plants grown in
pawongan are those of functional ones used in religious ceremonies, medicine, and
spices (Gelebet, 1982). Fig. 19 indicates the realization of home garden patterns
conception as a part of rural landscape (Budihardjo, 1986).
The position and arrangement describe the orientation of human position both vertically
and horizontally toward the position of mountains, land and sea. The existence of space
allocation based on religious tradition has made it possible for the distribution of building
mass and plants to happen in each part purposively. Artificially and naturally, the
realization of space management pattern result in variations in habitat that looks like a
cultural extent (landscape).
53 | P a g e
Fig. 19. Tri Angga Concept based on the basic philosophy of Tri Hita Karana: Realization of the conception of space management and the conception in Balinese
society (Arifin, Arifin, Suryadarma 2003)
54 | P a g e
Fig. 20. Implementation of Tri Hita Karana concept on the spatial management of house building in one “pekarangan”
3.2. History of Traditional Bugbug Village
The history of Bugbug people according to the book "Eka Ilikita" is that the word
“Bugbug” derived from the Balinese language of "Buwug-buwug" which means “the
swamp” and then become "Bugbug". According to Bugbug history, during the eruption of
Mt. Agung was caused the area become so fertile that inviting people to settle
surroundings the mountain. Otherwise, the former lava and such a big rock were
blocking the river flow toward the east (coastal/downstream area) and it formed a
swamp. Later, people who settled around the swamp of “Telaga Ngembeng” (which is
now already covered) is known as a forerunner of today's Bugbug villager (Eka Ilikita).
Another story also explained the word “Bugbug” in ancient Balinese language means
“center”, “centered”, “one”, or “united”. This is where groups of people (Krama Desa)
which was originally located in the “pre-villageS” inhabiting village huts in the rice fields
around Gumang hill which were focused, united or collected into one.
55 | P a g e
Table 5.Historical Literature of Bugbug Village
Title Author Time Note
Prasasti Desa Bugbug - 1103 Saka
Eka Ilikita Kelihan Desa Adat Bugbug
1996
Awig-Awig lan Pararem Desa Bugbug
Kelihan Desa Adat Bugbug
Puput ring rahina Coma Wage Dukut, Purnama Sasih Kapitu, tanggal 28 Januari 2001
Bugbug Traditional Calendar
Desa Adat Bugbug Created in every year daily activities guidance
Fig. 21. Eka Ilikita, Village Monography (left) and Awig-Awig Lan Pararem, local rules and ethics (right) of Bugbug Traditional Village
56 | P a g e
Fig. 22. One month sheets, an example of Bugbug Traditional Village Calendar, each
date consists of detail activities guidance of Bugbug community
Fig. 23. Rules and organization in Bugbug Traditional Village
57 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4 CONTEMPORARY MEANINGS OF THK
4.1. Irrigation Planning Standards (IPS)
The relevance of Subak irrigation with common irrigation systems that Subak has met
"Irrigation Planning Standards" because it has four principal functions as required,
namely:
1. The main building is called empelan (weir) or buka (intake)
2. Channel called telabah (if it is open channel) or aungan (if it is closed channel)
3. Overlay of rice fields plots as part of Subak called tempek or munduk equipped with
buildings and channels to distribute water to all areas of the sewer called kekalen
4. Collectively exhaust system called pengutangan also owned by Subak, which is
usually a natural channel (pangkung).
4.2.
58 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5 THREATS AND CHALLENGES THK FACES
5.1. Threats Faced by Bugbug Village
Threats and challenges faced by Bugbug village to develop THK concept when
developed as a GIAHS site are mainly coming from distribution of water for Subak
System, disobeying irrigation pattern, land fragmentation and conversion. Mostly the
threats are forced by economic reason.
5.1.1. Competition in Water Distribution for STHK system
The condition of Subak and Tri Hita Karana (STHK) currently experiencing problem
related to water distribution. STHK is now facing many problems and challenges, such
as limited water resources for irrigation, and high competition in water utilization. Some
members do not comply with the Subak irrigation schedule resulting in uneven watering
schedule. In addition, the water supply condition (during dry season) and high land
taxation also triggered the agricultural land conversion which made STHK is being
threaten.
The high competition in water distribution impacted to the management of dam. The
dam is not properly managed. The misconception of responsibility and financial
condition made the management of dam is complicated and hampered. This situation
become the most threaten factor to maintain THK as proposed for GIAHS site.
Fig 21. Conditions of damage dam
59 | P a g e
5.1.2. Disobeying the STHK Irrigation Pattern
Some "pawongan" or member of Subak not obey the irrigation pattern for rice-crops
which resulted in disruption of irrigation system for whole agricultural land. In the current
situation, disobeying the regulations is slightly increasing, which is mean the farmer are
being forced to obtain more productivity and income. The threat is more complicated
during dry season because the irrigation pattern is more restricted and controlled.
However, majority of pawongan are
5.1.3. Land Fragmentation
Land fragmentation is where a single farm comprises numerous individual parcels of
land, particularly agricultural land. It is a threaten for agrarian feature of transition
economies in many province in Indonesia, particularly in Bali province, at Bugbug
Village. The first reason of land fragmentation is that the Balinese may benefit from land
fragmentation, both by selling or renting. The land fragmentation are caused by
inheritance custom, to aim of achieving an equitable system of land distribution, as
mechanism to maintain an equitable distribution of land among family members. Land
fragmentation in Bugbug village effects on farm productivity, it has positive relationship
exists between farm size and labour productivity (and therefore income) and land
fragmentation has contributed to the abandonment and decline of Bali’s STHK irrigation
systems
Fig 22. Land fragmentation increases abandoned land and triggers new housing
5.1.4. Land Conversions
In Bugbug village, many farmland turns has been converted to housing
A dilemma because of rented hills to private parties for long period of time (until 30
60 | P a g e
years – in Asah hill) giving contribution to the village income otherwise the rented land
underutilized for agricultural activities.
Fig 23. Cellular BTS at the Hilltop of Bukit Asah
Farmland Turn into Housing
5.2. Challenges for GIAHS Developments
5.2.1. Preserving Social and Cultural Characteristic
Preserving social and cultural characteristic pertinent for agricultural system, facing the
modernization as the result for the most visited tourist destination.
61 | P a g e
5.2.2. Maintainaing STHK as International Planning Standards (IPS)
Subak irrigation system as International Planning Standards should be well maintained,
because it has high value system and culture. When it well managed will give good
impact to another potential resources.
62 | P a g e
CHAPTER 6 EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THK
6.1. Inventorying the Historical Agricultural Activities
In current situation, the efforts to promote GIAHS are by inventorying the historical of
existing agricultural activity in Bugbug village from the first to present that derived from
village existing documentation. This documentation namely as Awig Awig of Bugbug
Village, Bugbug Village Monograph, and Bugbug Village Statistical Data. In addition, by
registering Subak System in THK of Bugbug Village as a candidate of GIAHS FAO so
that the rural agricultural systems in Bugbug can be persisted. The potential and
opportunities for qualifying as GIAHS site is that the village management in Bugbug are
being well recorded both in administrative way and customary law. The village program
plans are being prepared and implemented through the existing system to preserve
THK.
The opportunity impact for the community and the local ecology with the GIAHS
recognition, is that the existing ecosystems will be well maintained which will make the
diversity of flora and fauna can be maintained as well. Significant preservations of local
biodiversity ensuring the survival of local communities with the availability of adequate
natural resources.
6.2. Local Wisdom as Ikatan Warga Bugbug (IWB)
The motivation of local communities, local and national governments, and relevant
stakeholders are trying to keep the values of local wisdom that comes from the
philosophy of the Balinese culture, however it is flexible to desa-kala-patra
(place-time-condition) concept, without compulsion, so that the people in Bugbug and
outside Bugbug still have strong connection with their ancestors in Bugbug. This strong
kinship form can be found as IWB (Ikatan Warga Bugbug) assosiation. It is formed by
villager who lived outside the village. The members of this group come from migrated
Bugbug villager (other areas of Bali or outside Bali).
The opportunity impact for the community and the local ecology with the GIAHS is that
the existing ecosystems is maintained so that the diversity of flora and fauna can be well
maintained. With the significant preservations of local biodiversity ensuring the survival
of local communities with the availability of sufficient resources.
63 | P a g e
64 | P a g e
Cooperation in Socializing GIAHS from the village level, district level, university till national level.
need government support from the bottom level (village) until national level (coordinating ministry, ministry of agriculture, ministry of marine and fisheries, ministry of forestry, ministry of internal affairs and ministry of public works. All stake holders are welcome and agree, the next agenda is to introduce the GIAS site to Governor of Bali Province.
65 | P a g e
CHAPTER 7 ACTION PLANS TO PRESERVE AND UTILIZE THK
7.1. Bugbug Village is Established as Traditional Village
The government of Karangasem District has established Bugbug Village as traditional
village. It also part of Amlapura City, which known as Cultural City (Customary City).
7.2. Land Conversion Regulations
Pemkab Karangasem bekerjasama dengan Desa Adat Bugbug akan mempertahankan kawasan pertanian bugbug dengan mencantumkan aturan konversi lahan pertanian pada perda dan awig-awig desa.
7.3. Financial Guidance for Community Welfare
Desa Adat Bugbug selalu menghimbau warga desa Bugbug untuk tidak bermewah-mewah (melebihi kemampuannya) dalam melangsungkan upacara-upacara keagamaan yang dapat berakibat bagi terjualnya tanah dan konversi lahan pertanian. Diharapkan kedepannya mampu menjadi aturan tertulis.
7.4. Collaboration Initiatives
Fakultas Pertanian – Universitas Udayana (??) akan mengatur kerjasama dengan Pemkab Karangasem dan Fakultas Pertanian – IPB untuk penelitian dan pengabdian masyarakat terkait pertanian dan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat.
66 | P a g e
Collaborative development is being conducted through institution and education level
67 | P a g e
REFERENCES
Arifin, Suryadarma, and Arifin
Awig-Awig Lan Pararem Desa Adat Bugbug
Budihardjo, 1986
Desa Ilikita Desa Adat Bugbug (Monografi Desa Adat Bugbug). 1996. Kabupaten Karangasem .
Desa Ilikita Desa Adat Bugbug (Monografi Desa Adat Bugbug). 1996. Kabupaten Karangasem .
Dherana, 1981
Gelebet, 1982
Kecamatan Karangasem Dalam Angka. 2012. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8rx6FfyiDUzM1FrRmUyUnFibUk/edit?pli=1
Meganada, I Wayan. 1990. Morfologi Grid Paterrn Pada Desa di Bali. Bandung: Program Pasca Sarjana S-2 Arsitektur, Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Pendit, 1984
Pitana, IG (Ed). 1993. Subak, Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali/. Upada Sastra. Denpasar
Purwita, IBP. 1993, “Kajian Sejarah Subak Di Bali” dalam I Gede Pitana (ed); Subak Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali Sebuah Canangsari, Upada Sastra, Denpasar, h. 47
Sudarsana, IBP. 2003. Ajaran Agama Hindu : Acara Agama. Percetakan Bali, Yayasan Dharma Acarya.Denpasar. 193p.
Sulistyawati et al. 1985. Preservasi Lingkungan Perumahan Pedesaan dan Rumah Tradisional Bali di Desa Bantas, Kabupaten Tabanan. Denpasar: P3M Universitas Udayana
Terang Pawaka, I Wayan. 2007. Tesis Pura Bukit Gumang Desa Pakraman Bugbug Kabupaten Karangsem (Perspektif Pendidikan Agama Hindu).
68 | P a g e
ANNEX
1. List of Important Plants Species
2. List of Important Animals Species
3. Awig Awig
