Structure II

Infinitive ( Task Group )

Group IV R 3 C :

1. Galuh Anggraini 201312500304

2. Muhammad Faizal 201312500277

3. Almanika Santa Manik 201312500272

4. Kurnia Safitri 201312500337

5. Masudah 201312500329

6. Munawaroh

7. Tamara

8. Sukarningsih 201312500183

9. Siti Aminah

Faculty Of Education and Art

Indraprasta University ( UNINDRA )

Jl. Nangka No. 58C ( Jl. TB. Simatupang ) Tanjung Barat, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan

2014/2015

Infinitives

A. Definition

Infinitive is a grammatical term used to refer to certain verb forms that

exist in many languages. In traditional descriptions of English, the infinitive is

the basic dictionary form of a verb when used non-finitely, with or without the

particle “ to “.

B. The Two Main Forms Of The Infinitive

1. The full infinitive (to-infinitive) has the word to at the beginning. For example: I wantto run.

2. The bare infinitive does not have the word to. For example: I must go.

Description :

1. The full Infinitive

Using the infinitive with “ to “ if :

Preceded by a verb that expressed a willingness or desire (to want, to

hope, to like, to wish, to allow, to command, to permit and so on) . Example :

I want to study English. - I want to learn English.

Preceded by 'ought'

Example: • Children ought to obey reviews their parents. - Children should obey

their parents.

Preceded by 'to be' Example:

• He is very naughty to tease his friend. - He was very naughty teasing his friend.

2. The Bare Infinitive

Use the infinitive without to if :

Preceded by auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verbs). Except to be and ought.

Example: • I must learn hard. - I must study hard.

• He will be here in time. - He will be here (right) in time. • They can help you. - They can help you.

Preceded by 'need' and 'dare' (in the sentence and interrogative sentence denied).

Example:

• I need not go. - I do not have to go.

• I daren't do it. - I do not dare do it.

Preceded by had better (better) and had rather (prefer).

Example: • I had rather stay at home than go to the pictures. - I'd rather stay at

home than go to the cinema. • You had rather go there at once. - You better go there soon.

Preceded by the verb to see, to hear and to feel

Example: • I see the bird fly. - I saw the bird fly.

• I Heard him speak in English. - I heard him speak in English. * Note: This is also true

• I see the bird flying. • i heard him speaking in English.

It would be wrong if: • I see the bird to fly.

• I Heard him to speak in English.

Preceded by the verb to have, to let and to make (in the sense of cause).

Example: • I made the boy a copy of that lesson. - I forced that boy was dropped

that lesson. • I had the tailor sew my shirt. - I told the tailor that sewed my clothes.

C. Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase begins with the infinitive (starts with “to”) and

includes all of its modifiers.

Examples of Infinitive Phrases

Here are some examples of infinitive phrases (shaded):

He helped to build the roof. The officer returned to help the inspectors. Let me show you the best way to fit a door quickly.

She tells you to dance like no one is watching.

D. Function Of Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase can play the role of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

1. Infinitive Phrases Used As Nouns

Here are some infinitive phrases (shaded) used as nouns:

to build the roof.

to lower the standards.

2. Infinitive Phrases Used As Adjectives

Here are some infinitive phrases used as adjectives:

Let him show you the best way to paint the door. I need a book to read on holiday.

3. Infinitive Phrases Used As Adverbs

Here are some infinitive phrases used as adverbs:

The officer returned to help the inspectors He opened the box to reveal a huge bullfrog.

E. Infinitive Phrases with Bare Infinitives (When Not Preceded by To)

Most infinitives are preceded by to, but after certain verbs, the to is

dropped. This happens when an infinitive follows can, could, may, might, must,

shall, should, will, or would (i.e., a modal verb).

In these examples, the infinitive phrases have a bare infinitive (in bold):

He should go home immediately. They might finish the project by Wednesday.

Bare infinitives also follow other verbs. The main ones are: feel, hear,

help, let, make, see, and watch. This time, there is a direct object involved. For

example:

Dawn helped her friend bake his mother a cake.

(The "special" verb is helped. The direct object is her friend. In the infinitive

phrase, the bare infinitive is bake. Its direct object is a cake. This time there is an

indirect object (his mother) in the infinitive phrase too.)

I watched them sweep the road as fast as they could.

(The "special" verb is watched. The direct object is them. In the infinitive

phrase, the bare infinitive is sweep. Its direct object is the road. The phrase as

fast as they could is an adverbial clause.)

F. Function Of The Infinitive

The Infinitive as the Subject.

When the Infinitive is used as the Subject, it is usually placed after

the predicate and the sentence is introduced by the introductory it.

Example :

1. To watch him eating really gets on my nerves. 2. To walk alone in the dark is dangerous.

The Infinitive used as an object.

An infinitive can function as objects of a verb.

Example:

1. I do not want to talk

2. She learned to speak English

Note: Sometimes the introductory object it is used.

Subjective Complement

An infinitive can function as a complement to the subject, usually after to be.

Example:

1. The main thing is to relax.

2. Their hobby is to walk around the world.

Noun and Adjective Complement

An infinitive can function as a complement to an adjective and an adverb.

Example:

1. You have the right to remain silent.

2. I am anxious to contact your brother.

G. Kinds Of The Infinitive

1. The Perfect Invinitives

Examples :

Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.

I would like to have seen the TajMahal when I was in India. He pretended to have seen the film.

2. The Continuous Infinitives

Examples :

I’d really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

3. The Perfect Continous Invinitives

Examples :

The woman seemed to have been crying. You must have been waiting for hours! He pretended to have been painting all day.

4. The Passive Infinitives

Examples :

To have + Verb 3 ( Past Participle )

To be + Verb + -ing ( Present Participle )

To have been + Verb + -ing ( Present Participle )

To be + Verb 3 ( Past Participle )

I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.

This window ought to be opened.

H. Using Perfect Infinitives

The structure ‘have + past participle’ is called a perfect infinitive.

Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of meaning as perfect or past tenses.

I am glad to have found my soul mate. (= I am glad that I have found my soul mate.)

She was sorry to have missed the show. (= She was sorry that she had missed the show.)

I hope to have finished the job by next Monday. (= I hope that I will have finished the job by next Monday.)

She seems to have quit the job. (= It seems that she has quit the job.)

Unreal past situations

The perfect infinitive is often used after verbs like mean, be, would like etc., to talk about unreal past situations.

She was to have returned yesterday, but she fell ill. I meant to have posted the letter, but I forgot. (I did not post the letter.)

After modals

The perfect infinitive is also used after the modal verbs could, might,

ought, should, would and needn’t to refer to unreal situations.

You should have telephoned – I was getting worried. (The person didn’t phone.) She needn’t have come. (She came.) I would have gone on a vacation if I had had more money. (I didn’t go.)

Notes :

Note that the structure modal verb + perfect infinitive does not always refer to unreal past conditions. It can also be used to express certainty or possibility.

She should have arrived by now. (=It is possible that she has arrived by now.)

I. Split Infinitives

Description

Split infinitive is the infinitive particle "to" and its verb are separated by an adverb or other word. This structure has been used for centuries, especially in spoken Englishso as not to sound stiff. This structure can also be to give emphasis to what is being said.

GrammaticallyIncorrect?

Some considered the split infinitive is not correct (grammatical incorrect).

Therefore, it is better to avoid its use informal writing, unless it be to avoid causing

sound awkward sentence or not in accordance with the author's intended meaning.

Split infinitive Example Sentences :

1. You need to learn to always be on time.

2. The doctor told him to really quit smoking 3. He has to really quit smoking

4. She said that we were required to carefully read the instructions. 5. Andi used to absolutely hate his job.

6. He wanted to more than give poor people money.

J. Common Verb Followed By Infinitives

Verb + Infinitives

(a) I hope to see you again soon

(b) He promised to be here by ten (c) He promised not to be late

Notes :

An infinitive = to + the simple form of a verb (to see, to be, to go, etc)

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, as in (a) and (b).

See group A below.

Negative form : not precedes the infinitive, as in (c).

Verb + (pro)noun + infinitive

(d) Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock (e) The police ordered the driver to stop

(f) I was told to be here at ten o’clock (g) The driver was ordered to stop

Notes :

Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive, as in (d)

and (e). See group B below.

These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive, as in (f) and (g).

(h) I expect to pass the test

(i) I expect marry to pass the test

Notes :

Ask, expect, would like, want, and need may or may not be followed by

a (pro)noun object.

Compare :

In (h) : I think I will pass the test

In (i) : I think Mary will pass the test

K. Adjectives Followed By Infinitives

(a) We were sorry to hear the bad news (b) I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting

Notes :

Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives, as in (a) and (b). In general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing. Many of these adjectives describe a person’s feelings or attitudes.

Some common adjectives followed by infinitives

L. Using Infinitives With Too And Enough

Compare

(a) That box is too heavy for Bob to lift (b) That box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it

Notes :

In the speaker’s mind, the use of too implies a negative result.

In (a) : too heavy = it is impossible for Bob to lift that box.

In (b) : very heavy = it is possible but difficult for Bob to lift that box.

(c) I am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it.

(d) I have enough strength to lift that box. (e) I have strength enough to lift that box.

Notes :

Enough follows an adjective, as in (c). Usually enough precedes a noun,

as in (d). In formal English, it may follow a noun, as in (e).

M. Infinitive Of Purpose ( In Order To )

(a) He come here in order to study English

(b) He come here to study English

Notes :

In order to is used to express purpose. It answers the question “ Why ? “In order is often omitted, as in (b).

(a) Incorrect : He came here for studying English.

(b) Incorrect : He came here for to study English. (c) Incorrect : He came here for study English.

Notes :

To express purpose, use ( in order ) to, not for, with a verb.

(a) Iwent to the store for some bread

(b) I went to store to buy some bread

Notes :

For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object as in (a)

Exercise :

1. From the inception of his long and distinguished career, Frank Lyod wright was concerned with how ________ architecture with topography. ( to integrate )

2. Legendary home of the Nabateans, Petra is known ______ housed more than 15,000 residents at one time. ( to have )

3. Judging from the blurry image of his right leg in many of his “ seated

“ photographs, Abraham Lincoln is tought _________ from Marfon’s Disease.

( to have suffered )

4. I shudder________ that I almost lost everything in the stock market. ( to think )

5. Thomas Edison is generally considered __________ one of the most productive of all inventors. ( to have been )

Direction :

Fill in the blank with infinitive as a subjective complement !

6. You _____________ early in the final examination tomorrow. ( are to come )

7. The letter _______ send soon. ( is to be )

Direction :

Complate these sentences using infinitives with too and enough.

8. These question are easy ________ ( enough to do )

9. I am _________ the mountains . ( too old to climb )

10. This tea is _______ ( too hot to drink )

Sources

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/04/infinitives.html

http://en- id.blogspot.com/2012/12/ii- infinitives.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/gerunds and infinitives

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-split-infinitive

http://www.englishgrammar.org/perfect- infinitives