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Industrialization and Reform
Essential Questions -How did industrialization, social reform, and philosophical movements influence the direction of American life?
How did people respond to the new challenges of industrial life?
3 Revolutions (1820s-1850s)
• Economic
• Social Reform
• Political (next week)
The Marshall Court Decisions
• Fletcher v. Peck
• Dartmouth v. Woodward(Daniel Webster )
– States cannot impair the obligation of contracts
The Marshall Court Decisions
• Gibbons v. Ogden
– Fed. Gov’t. regulates interstate commerce
Fulton’s steamboatClaremont (1809)
A Market Society• Rise of Corporations
• The Factory System – Samuel Slater established America’s first factory in 1790 – First large-scale American factory (1814 Waltham, MA)
• Lowell followed– “interchangeable parts” that could be rapidly assembled
into standardized finished products
– South lags behind North
Lowell Mills
Lowell Mills
Water Power
The Locks at Lowell (32 ft. drop)
Boott Mill (1835)
Lowell Boardinghouse
Morning Bell at Lowell
1st Ring 4:30
Last Ring 10:00
Lowell Factory Church (1825)
Rise of factories
A New Economy
• Transportation – Improvements costs and linked farmers to markets – Toll roads did little – Improved water transportation did most
• Steamboat/ canals • increased the speed• lowered the expense of commerce $100- $10
– Railroads – Telegraph
Samuel Morse and his Telegraph
Railroads & Canals Example
• Robert Fulton’s Steamboat 1809(Fulton’s Folly)
• Erie Canal (1825) (Clinton’s Ditch)
Connecting the Great Lakes w/ Miss. River
Railroads, Canals, & Turnpikes
Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830 • pg. 315
Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830
Table 9.1 • pg. 317
The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800–1820 • pg. 316
The Market Revolution: Western Settlement,
1800–1820
A New Economy (con’t)
• Inventions – Eli Whitney’s cotton
gin (1793)
– McCormick’s reaper (1831)
Industrialization Effects• market economy
• population increase & westward expansion
• prosperity
• union & economic sectionalism
• reactions to mechanization of life – faith that human’s can make progress/improve life – desire for all to share in fruits of prosperity– push back against hurried life of factory and the market
economy
Social Reform(ers)
• Prison & mental illness• Education - public & higher education• Women’s rights/suffrage• Temperance• Transcendentalists• Utopian societies• Religious revival• Abolition (later)
Dorothea Dix
• Girls’ school 1821
• Report to MA (reading)
• Helped open mental hospitals in 11 states
Horace Mann
• Started MA public schools
• 'common' or public schools would strengthen democracy by uniting children of all social classes
(PBS.org)
Colleges Founded
• Amherst (1821) • Trinity College (1823)• Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1836)
• Oberlin (1833)
Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Rights
Susan B. Anthony
So let us consider women in the 1st half of the 18th C.
• Adams “Don’t forget the ladies”• “The Cult of True Womanhood” “cult of domesticity” (read later)
• Seneca Falls – 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”
Temperance movements
Transcendentalist
• Truth “transcends” human understanding
• Natural world
• Reclaim life from mechanized world
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist
• Henry David Thoreau
• On Civil Disobedience– Opposition to Mexican War
(it’ll promote slavery)
– Refused to pay tax ($ used for the war)
Utopian societies
• Oneida• Brook Farm• Amana• Robert Owen New Harmony
– Cooperation would “supersede individual interest”
– Econ. equality…Socialism??
Religious movements
• Shakers
– Ann Lee founder
– social equality
– dramatic religious experiences
– celibacy
Christianity’s 2nd Great Awakening
• Educated, Middle class-oriented
• Emotions
• celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination
• Timothy Dwight & Charles Finney
Religious movements (cont.)
• Mormon faith
• Joseph Smith
• Brigham Young leads them west (1846)
Mormon Trail
