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Political Reform and Reaction to Industrialization. Europe, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, and Japan. Industrial Order 1850-1914. Industrial Development continued Governments developed new functions Rise of socialism changed political conditions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Political Reform and Reaction to
IndustrializationEurope, the Ottoman
Empire, Russia, China, and Japan
Industrial Order 1850-1914
• Industrial Development continued
• Governments developed new functions
• Rise of socialism changed political conditions
• Urban growth continued; improved living conditions
Europe
• Increased voting rights– Benjamin Disraeli– Cavour and Bismarck– US Civil War ended sectional rights and abolished slavery
– France increased voting rights
• Most Western nations had a parliamentary system where basic liberties were protected and political parties contested peacefully for office
Reactions to Industrialization
• Socialism• Utopian Socialism• Utilitarianism• Marxism; Communism• Unionism
Europe
• Western Settler Societies– Search for new markets and raw materials
– Transportation and communications improved
– Superior weapons– Massive emigration spread western culture
Western Settler Societies
• Migration– Increased as Europeans went to the US, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and South Africa in search of cheap land and better economic opportunities
– Served as a new labor force– Most migrants were free agents although some were indentured servants
Western Settler Societies
• Three British colonies– Established parliamentary governments, vigorous commercial
economies, European cultural patterns– Dependent on British economy– Canada
• Friction between British rulers and French inhabitants• Formed a federal system• Majority of French lived in Quebec
– Australia• 1788, lived among indigenous hunting and gathering population• Agricultural development and discovery of gold
– Spurred population growth and economy
• Federal system developed in 1900
– New Zealand• Missionaries and settlers moved into Maori territory• Maori defeated by the 1860s• Generally good relations • Developed strong agricultural economy and parliamentary system
Global Industrialization
• Global division of labor
• Dependency theory
Reaction and Reform
• Questions of change and reform– Alteration of traditional society
• Ottoman Empire– In decline, less unified– Decrease in trade
• Atlantic trade• Dependent on foreign loans and goods• Capitulations (special rights and privileges)
Reaction and Reform
– Mahmud II• Reform
– Organized more effective army and system of secondary education
– Built new roads, telegraph lines, and postal service
– Tanzimat era (1839-1879)» Law reform based on French legal system» Public trials and equality overtook religious law
• Reaction– Sultan Adbul Hamid (1878-1908)
Reaction and Reform
• Reforms met opposition from religious conservatives and bureaucracy– The Young Turks
• Exiled Ottoman subjects– Pushed for universal suffrage– Equality before the law– Emancipation of women– 1908 coup d’etat
» Puppet sultan
• Muhammad Ali--Egypt– Powerful army– Sponsored industrialization in textiles and armament
– Suez Canal
Reaction and Reform
• Russia vs. Ottoman Empire– Similar
• Autocratic, multiethnic, multilingual, and multicultural
• Czars supported by Russian Orthodox Church and noble class, sultans also supported by Muslims and noble class
• Peasants majority of population– Serfdom a guarantee of social stability
– Different• Russia vastly expanded its territory• Russian military out of date (Crimean War)• Russian government pushed to modernize
Reaction and Reform
• Russia– Emancipation of the serfs
• Alexander II in 1861• Zemstvos--1864
– Elected representatives subordinate to the czar
– Encouraged industrializtion• Trans-Siberian railroad (handout)
– Peasant rebellions and industrial worker strikes
» Reduced working hours; but outlawed unions and strikes
Reform and Reaction
• Russia– Anti-government protest
increased• Intelligentsia
– Land and Freedom party assassinated Alexander II 1881
– Era of Repression• End of government reform
– Extensive military spending• Defeated by Japan in 1904-1905
– Protests continued• January 1905
– Bloody Sunday, aka Revolution of 1905
• Created the Duma
Reform and Reaction
• China– Qing dynasty losing effectiveness– Rapid population increase
• Quadrupled to 420,000,000 people (estimate)• Created strain on nation
– Many famines, wars, and rebellions weakened the dynasty
– Trade• British customs dispute• Opium Wars (China defeated)• Creation of unequal treaties favoring British and other Europeans
Reform and Reaction
• China– Rebellions
• Taiping Rebellion– Hong Xiuquan
» Believed he was brother of Jesus Christ» Social reform movement 1850s» Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom)» Gained large territory
– Internal disputes allow Qing to defeat army (10 year struggle)» Bloodiest civil war in history
Reform and Reaction
• China– Empress Dowager Cixi
• Cancelled reforms and imprisoned the emperor– Anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion
• Multi-national response• China forced to pay indemnity for damages
– Nationalist Movement• Sun Yixian• 1911 modern Republic of China• Three Principles of the people
– Nationalism; democracy; socialism• Most people uneducated and unable to feed themselves
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration– The most radical reforms and changes•Emerged as a world power
– Younger generation •Wanted to undermine the daimyos, overthrew the shogun and advance modernization
– 1868 restoration of the emperor•Named “Meiji” or “Enlightened One”
– Called both a revolution and a restoration
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration– Modernization
• Early reforms• Dissolution of the Samurai• 1877 Civil War
– Powerful outside technology (guns)– Momentum shifts to national army
– Political reconstruction• Political parties formed• New constitution 1889• Limited the right to vote based on property
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration– Rapid industrialization and modernization
• Modern infrastructure and military• Defeated the Chinese and Russians in war• Began building an empire in the Pacific• Industrial revolution by non-Europeans
The End