Grammar Book

Orquidea Plourde

Table Of Contents

1. Estar

2. Ser

3. Verbs Like Gustar

4. Hacer Expressions

5. El Preterito

6. Trigger Words

7. Cars, Gars, y Zars

8. Cucaracha Verbs

9. Snakes

10. Snakey Verbs

11. Mandatos

12. DOPs

13. IOPs

14. Se impersonal

1. Past participles

2. Irregulares

• El futuro and ir + a + infivinitve

• Los adjectives demonstrativos

• Demonstrative Pronouns

• Los mandatos informales

• Modal verbs

• Reflexives

• Saber vs conocer

Estar

• Health- Como estas? • Emotions- Como

estas?• Location- Donde

estas?• Present Condition-

Como estas?• -ing verbs (-ar: -

ando, -er/-ir: -yendo) Que estas haciendo?

• “Estar” means to be• It is used in the

following forms

• “Estar” means to be• It is used in the

following forms

HELPINGHELPING

Ser

• “Ser” means to be as well, but is used in these forms

•

• Descriptions- Que es?• Origin- De donde es?• Characteristics- Como

es?• Time- Que hora es?• Occupation- Que hace?• Relationships- Quien es?• Possession- De quien es?• Events- Cuando/Donde

es?• Dates- Que dia es hoy?

Cual es la fecha de hoy?/ Cuando es tu compleaÑos?DOCTOR

PEDDOCTOR PED

Verbs Like Gustar

• Use IO me, te, le, nos, os, y les

• The gustar verb is conjegated to the “gusta” or “gustan” depending on what is being verbed.

• Me gusta bailar.– Dance is pleasing to me.

• If the object is singular or an infinitive, such as bailar, or manzana, use gusta

• Les gustan peras.– They like pears.

• Pears is plural, therefore you use gustan

Verbos similares a “gustar”

• Doler –to hurt• Fascinar- the fascinate• Molestar- to bother• Ecantar- to love• Falter- to lack• Importar- to be

important to• Disgustar- to disgust• Aburro- bored

•HACE + time + que + verb

• - use present tense for “since” and “for”

• - use preterit tense for “ago”• ** when its negative, add “no” after que, before

the verbExamples:- Hace tres diaz que me duele mi cabeza.- I hurt my hear three days ago- Hace dos años que no vivo en la Francia.- I have not lived in France for two years.

Hacer Expressions

El Preterito

• -ar • é• aste• ó• amos• aron

• Past tense- a definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending

Example:• Comí una piña ayer.– I ate a pinapple

yesterday.

-er/ir• í• iste• ió• imos• ieron

Trigger Words

• Ayer- yesterday• Antayer- day before

yesterday• A las ocho- at 8 o’clock• El miercolos- on

Wednesday• El día anterior- the day

before• El lunes pasado- last

Monday• El fin de semana

pasado- last weekend• Ayer por la mañana-

yesterday morning

• El otro día- the other day• Una vez- one time/once• Esta tarde- this

afternoon• Esta noche- tonight• Entonces- then• Desde el primar

momento- from the first moment

• Durante do siglos- during two centuries

• En ese momento- in that moment/then

• Hace dos días- two days ago

Car, Gar, Zars• El pretérito irregulars

toqué Tacamos

Tacaste

tocó tocaron

Jugué Jugamos

Jugaste

Jugó jugaron

ComencéComenzam

os

Comenzaste

Comenzócomenzaro

n

Tocar Jugar

Comenzar

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Spock Verbs Irregular Preterites

hacer

irser

dar

ver

ver vi viste vio vimos vieron

dar di diste dio dimos dieron

ir/ser fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron

hacer hice hiceste hizo hicimos hicieron

Cucaracha VerbsMas Preterito Irregulars

Infinitives-Andar-Estar-Poder-Poner-Querer-Saber-Tener-Vener-Conducir-Producir-Tranducir-Decir-Traer

Conjugated Beginnings-Anduv-Estuv-Pud-Pus-Quis-Sup-Tuv-Vin-Conduj-Produj--Tranduj-Dij-Traj

Endings- e (yo)-iste (tu)-o (el)-imos (nosotros)-isteis (vosotros)-ieron (ellos)

SnakesStem Changing Verbs in the PreteriteStem Changing Verbs in the Preterite

**Changes in third person**Changes in third person

domi domimos

dormiste dormisteis

dumio dumeiron

pedi pedimos

pediste pedesteis

peidio pidieron

Dormir Pedir

SnakeysStem Changing Verbs in the PreteriteStem Changing Verbs in the Preterite

**change the “i” to a “y” in the 3rd person**change the “i” to a “y” in the 3rd person

lei Leimos

leiste leisteis

leyo leyeron

crei creimos

creiste cresteis

creyo creyon

oi oimos

oiste oisteis

oyo oyeron

Leer Creer Oir

Mandatos

• Process

1.Change verb to –yo form

2.-ar verbs- add an e to the end

• -er/ir verbs- add an a to the end

Examples1.Eat your vegetables.

Come tu vegetables.• Give the boy a hug.

De el hombre un abrazo.

Examples1.Eat your vegetables.

Come tu vegetables.• Give the boy a hug.

De el hombre un abrazo.

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Irregular Commands

T V D I S H E ST V D I S H E Stener-tenga

venir-venga

dar-de

ir-vaya

ser-sea

hacer-haga

estar-este

saber-sepa

DOPs **receives direct action of the verb

lo, la, los, las (singular, feminine versus masculine)

lo, la, los, las (singular, feminine versus masculine)

If the verb is an:- infinitive- affirmative command- gerundthe the DOP is hooked on at the end of the verb

If the verb isn’t any of those, than the DOP comes before the conjugated verb

Example Drink the water.Bebala (Beba is your affirmative command verb. Water (agua) then changes to la and is hooked on “beba”.

Example Drink the water.Bebala (Beba is your affirmative command verb. Water (agua) then changes to la and is hooked on “beba”.

Example I ate the apple.La comi. (Comi is your preterite verb for “i ate”. “Una manzana” (apple) changes to la and is placed before the verb.

Example I ate the apple.La comi. (Comi is your preterite verb for “i ate”. “Una manzana” (apple) changes to la and is placed before the verb.

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IOPs**answers the question of “to whom or for

whom?”

metelenososles

*when you have “le(s) lo”, change le(s) to se

Examples I gave it to her. (“it” is the DOP, “her” is the IOP. So, “it” will change to lo, and “her” will change to le. However, because the rule stating you can’t have “le lo”, le changes to se. Se lo di.

Give it to him. (“it is the DOP, “him” is the IOP. So, “it” will change to lo, and “him” will change to se. Because “give” is an affirmative command, both the IO and DO are hooked on to the end of the verb.Déselo

Examples I gave it to her. (“it” is the DOP, “her” is the IOP. So, “it” will change to lo, and “her” will change to le. However, because the rule stating you can’t have “le lo”, le changes to se. Se lo di.

Give it to him. (“it is the DOP, “him” is the IOP. So, “it” will change to lo, and “him” will change to se. Because “give” is an affirmative command, both the IO and DO are hooked on to the end of the verb.Déselo

If the verb is an:- infinitive- affirmative command- gerundthe the IOP is hooked on at the end of the verb, just like the DOP.When this happens, an accent is added to the third to last syllable.

Se Impersonal

use “se’ to aviod specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

Example Se vende fruta en la fruteria.They are selling fruit in the cafeteria.

Example Se vende fruta en la fruteria.They are selling fruit in the cafeteria.

**when using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person

**can be used in all tenses

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Past Participles as Adjectives

• -ar verbs add –ado

-er or –ir verbs add –ido

*agree with the nouns they modify

Example:Comido la manzana. The eaten apple.> The verb infinitive is comer. To change it to a present participle, drop the –er ending, and add –ida (feminine and singular, agreeing with the feminine and singular manzana.

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IrregularsInfinitive• Abrir

• Cubrir

• Decir

• Escribir

• Hacer

• Morir

• Poner

• Resolver

• Romper

• Ver

• Ir

Participle• Abierto

• Cubierto

• Dicho

• Escrito

• Hecho

• Muerto

• Puesto

• Resuelto

• Roto

• Visto

• ido

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El Futuro

é emos

ás

á ánExample:

I will go to the store tomorrow.

Ire a la tienda manana.

Attach the appropriate ending to the infinitive verb.

Irregulars

-caber... cabr_-poner... pondr_-decir... dir_-haber... habr_-salir... saldr_-hacer... har_

-poder... podr_-tener... tendr_-querer... querr_-valer... valdr_-saber... sabr_-venir... vendr_

There are twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change

The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall"

happen.

The future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. Instead, use

ir + a + infinitiveExample:

I am going to reed my book tonight.Voy a creer mi libre a noche.

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Los Adjectives Demonstrativos

The demonstrative adjectives typically are placed before the

nouns they modify. They must match the noun in both number

and gender.

Example:This book is good.

Este libre esta bien.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

*identical to demonstrative adjectives apart from the

accent marks

Imperfect

24

Used to describe actions in the past with no definite beginning or end

aba Ábamos

abas Abais

aba Aban

Ía Íamosías íaisía ían

**Used for Habitual or repeated actions

Events or actionas that were in progress

Physical characteristics 

Mental or emotional states(he loved his family)

Time-telling (it was 3:30)Age (the children were six

years old)

TRIGGER WORDS:De nino/a (as a child)

Todos los días (every day)Mientras (while)

Los miercoles/____ (Wednesday)Muchas veces (many times)Cada dia/ ____ (every day)

-ar

-er or -ir

Imperfect Irregulars

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Iba Íbamos

Ibas Ibias

Iba Iban

Era Éramos

Eras Erais

Era Eran

Veía Veíamos

Veías Veiais

Veía Veían

Ir Ser Ver

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Los Mandatos

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Informal (tu)

Affirmative Negative Irregulars

1. simply drop the “s”

Example:Stacy, eat.

Stacy, come.

1. conjugate the verb to first person

2. change to opposite ending

3. add an “s”

Example:Don’t eat that!

No comas!

-decir... di-hacer... haz

-ir... ve-ser... se

-poner... pon-venir... ven-tener... ten-salir... Sal

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Formal or Usted

1. put in -yo form2. change to opposite vowel

Example:Eat the dinner.

Coma Ud. la cena.

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DOP + IOP placement

When a phrase is used, the pronouns can be placed either before the verbal structure or

attached to the infinitive or –ing (gerund) form.

To negate a sentance,

place the no before both pronouns.

When both pronouns are

used in a sentence:

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Modal Verbs

Used along with infinitives to change their meaning

Examples:Ir + a + infinitive I am going to

Querer to wantDeber should

Poder to be able toTener que to have to

Example: Tengo que limpiar I have to cleanDebes limpiar I should clean

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Reflexives

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." For example, lavarse, which means to wash oneself. You attatch your reflexive pronoun before the verb to show what is receiving the action of

the verb.

Example:

Yo me lavo.

I wash myself.

me nos

te os

se se

Reflexive Pronouns

Common Reflexive Verbs

Acostarse to put in bedDespertarse to wake

Lavarse lavateSecarse to take outAfeitarse to share