GI Tract

DiseasesPart 2

By: Andrea Bonde

Megacolon Diseases- dilatation and

hypertrophy of the colon

Toxic Megacolonan acute form of colonic distension. It is

characterized by a very dilated colon (megacolon), accompanied by abdominal

distension (bloating), and sometimes fever, abdominal pain, or shock.

Toxic MegacolonDiagnostic Criteria

• Radiographic evidence of colonic dilatation - The classic finding is more

than 6cm in the transverse colon

•Any 3 of the following - Fever (>101.5°F), tachycardia (>120 beats/min),

leukocytosis (>10.5 x 103/µL), or anemia

• Any 1 of the following - Dehydration, altered mental status, electrolyte

abnormality, or hypotension

Lifetime Risk1-2.5%

One Study-19 year period-1236 patients

-6% toxic megacolon-Colon diseases in

general 10% of ulcerative colitis

admissions and 2.3% of Crohns disease

admissions

MeconiumThe earliest stools of an

infant. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends

in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo,

mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water.

The presence of such bacteria in meconium of 21 healthy neonates was investigated. The identified isolates belonged predominantly to the genuses Enterococcus and Staphylococcus.

STERILE????

MAS can happen before, during, or after labor and delivery when a newborn inhales (or aspirates) a mixture of

meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the amniotic sac). The inhaled meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways. Although

air can flow past the meconium trapped in the baby's airways as the baby breathes in, the meconium becomes

trapped in the airways when the baby breathes out. And so, the inhaled meconium irritates the baby's airways and

makes it difficult to breathe. Although it can be serious, most cases of MAS are not.

Disorder of the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach (esophagus), which affects the ability of the

esophagus to move food toward the stomach.

Achalasia

Cause:The lower esophageal sphincter

does not relax. Reason is because the esophagus nerves

have been damaged.Symptoms:

Backflow (regurgitation) of foodChest pain

CoughDifficulty swallowing liquids and

solidsHeartburn

Unintentional weight loss

G.E.R.D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition

in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube

from the mouth to the stomach). This action can

irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn and other

symptoms.

Occurrence1 in 33

3-7% USA

G.E.R.D. StudyBackground Method Result Conclusion

Previous studies using subjective

reporting, identified the prevalence of

GERD in pregnancy to be

30-50%.However, the

severity of these symptoms has

not been assessed during

the stages of pregnancy.

The GSAS measured 15 GERD related symptoms,

frequency, and distress. Higher

scoresreflected more

severe symptoms. GSAS and medical

update questionnaires were repeated

during eachtrimester and at 6 to 8 weeks post-

partum.

• 50 Subjects• Ages 19-43

(Mean 29)• 91% White• 7% Black• 2% Hispanic

• 74%• Over 40%

reported GERD symptoms

during pregnancy

• Over 40% of women report GERD symptoms

during the first trimester of pregnancy, however,

distress and bother related to these symptoms were

low.• Over 50% of women

reported GERD symptoms in previous pregnancies, which were untreated or managed with over-the-

counter medications.

Normal tissue lining the esophagus -- the tube that carries food from the mouth to the

stomach -- changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. About 10%-15% of

people with chronic symptoms of GERD develop Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett Esophagus (CELLO)

a type of chronic stomach inflammation due to the action of the immune system against stomach tissue and its components. It causes

destruction of the stomach tissue with

progressive atrophy of the stomach.

AKAAutoimmune atrophic gastritis

Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis

Autoimmune Gastritis

Gastric Polyps

Mass of cells that form on

the inside of the

stomach making polyps.

Stomach polyps form in

response to

inflammation or other

damage to the

lining of the

stomach.

Any blockage or narrowing of the arteries feeding blood to the bowels can result in ischemic bowel disease. Possible blockages include tumors and

blood clots, while the narrowing happens through a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis

begins when the artery's inner wall becomes damaged. Possible culprits include smoking,

infection, diabetes and high blood pressure. The arterial wall will try to repair itself, but in the

process cholesterol builds up on the artery's inside surface. As this "plaque" becomes thicker, the

artery becomes narrower and blood flow is reduced. It is at this point that ischemic bowel

syndrome enters the picture.

Ischemic Bowel Disease

the most common vascular lesion of the gastrointestinal tract, and this condition may be asymptomatic, or it may cause

gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.[1] The vessel walls are thin, with little or no

smooth muscle, and the vessels are thin.

Angiodysplasia

Appendicitis

a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and

many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy.

Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to peritonitis and shock.

Peritonitis

an inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. Peritonitis may be localized or

generalized, and may result from infection (often due to rupture of a hollow organ as may occur in abdominal

trauma or appendicitis) or from a non-infectious process.

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