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The French Revolution
liberté égalité fraternité
Part I: Revolt and Rights
Most important event in European history
Fall of absolutism (end of “l’ancien regime”)
Concept of right and left› King & followers = conservative right› Wanted distance = liberal left
Ideas can change reality
Long Term Causes
Enlightenment ideals (liberty, equality, etc.)
Divided nation
Huge national debt (extravagance, wars, etc.)
Long Term Causes (cont.)
Corruption
Population pressures
Society of Orders (The Three Estates)
Short Term Causes
Seven Year’s War
War of American Independence
Harsh winter/food shortage
Estates General/ National Assembly
The Three Estates
Since the Middle Ages, French society had been divided into three separate classes:› The First Estate = clergy› The Second Estate = nobility› The Third Estate = everyone else
Three Estates (cont.)
Discontent grew in 1700s First Estate always exempt from
taxes (resented) Second Estate many privileges &
rights:› Land ownership› Hunting rights › Collect money from peasants
Three Estates (cont.)
First & Second Estates held power Third Estate = 97% of population Substructure:
› Bourgeoisie = middle class, usually educated – doctors, lawyers, merchants, manufacturers
› Urban poor = laborers & artisans› Peasants = worked as farmers
Third Estate
Peasants lived in poverty & burdened by:› Feudal dues to lords› Rent payments for land they worked › “Taille” (heaviest gov’t tax)› Tithes to the Catholic church (1/10 of
income)
Estates General
Louis XVI convened the Estates General
Representatives from each of the three estates – Louis hoped to gain approval to raise taxes
Met at Versailles in May 1789
Estates General
Each estate had its own agenda & wanted to improve its position by taking power from the monarchy
Abbé de Sieyès – “What is the Third Estate?”
What is the Third Estate?
1st. What is the third estate? Everything.
2nd. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing.
3rd. What does it demand? To become something therein.
Group ActivityDiscuss as a group then write(individually) your answers in thejournal section of your
notebooks:
Who are the subjects of the political cartoon?
What symbolism is used?
To which Estate did the artist most likely belong? Why?
National Assembly
Third Estate formed the National Assembly
Main goal = French Constitution
Louis closed down their meeting
Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly met on a tennis court
Took the Tennis Court Oath – vowed to stay until they had written a Constitution
Constitution
National Assembly
Louis recognized the N. A.
Tremendous citizen support allowed the N. A. to assume power
By mid-summer 1789, rumors that royal troops would crush the N. A.
National Assembly
Revolution Begins
Louis XVI fired the beloved finance minister, Jacques Necker
July 14, 1789 – working people of Paris stormed the Bastille – a prison symbolic of despotism and torture
Initial goal = obtain weapons & gunpowder to defend the National Assembly…
REVOLUTION!
The Moderate Stage (1789-1792)
Moderate Stage
Revolutionary mentality created – drives the revolutionaries forward
Two distinct stages: Moderate & Radical
July 14, 1789 – 800-900 Parisians, mostly women, went to the Bastille
La Bastille
La Bastille
Looking for weapons & gunpowder Stormed the prison – 98 killed and
73 wounded No weapons, but significant
because La Bastille was a symbol of the Revolution
Louis’ reaction…
RIEN
Moderate Stage
To many – no turning back
Moderate Stage = Clash between 2nd Estate (nobility) and 3rd Estate (peasants) WHY??
Moderate Stage (cont.)
Includes fall of Bastille and the general events that led to it
After the fall of the Bastille, many nobles fled & Louis withdrew troops
Grievances
Peasantry believed Estates General would solve the problems they had outlined in a list of grievances called “cahiers de doléances”
Cahiers were ignored – Peasants attacked food convoys en route to Paris
Grievances (cont.)
Peasants refuse to pay taxes, tithes, and manorial dues as they perceived their landlords to be responsible for their economic plight
End of July 1789 – peasants began to burn down the homes of their landlords & with them the records of their obligations
Fear & Violence Spread
Rumors began – aristocracy to raise an army and kill the peasants – known as “The Great Fear”
The Fear – advantage to the reformers – gave National Assembly the opportunity to criticize aristocratic privilege
End of Feudalism
August 4, 1789- French aristocrats surrendered privileges by decree
That night, the General Assembly drew up “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
Outlined man’s natural rights – symbolic of the new French Social Order
March on Versailles
Louis XVI did not approve
October 5, 1789 – Parisians marched 12 miles to Versailles to protest the lack of bread
20,000 Paris Guards joined the mob
March (cont.)“We are going to cut off her head, tear
out her heart, fry her liver, and that won’t be the end of it!”
Promises, Promises
Louis promised bread & approved decrees/declaration and returned to Paris
Called “October Days”
Restored peasant’s faith
Louis’ Fatal Error
June 20, 1791 – attempted to flee France
In contact with Leopold II – plan to raise army in Austria and crush the revolution
The Flight to Varennes…
"Arrest of Louis Capet at Varennes, June 22, 1791"This print shows an angry crowd of fervent revolutionaries breaking down doors to arrest the King.”
Flight to Varennes
Showed Louis could not be trusted
NA had wanted a Constitutional Monarchy – now, this was unlikely
Reforms of the N. A.
Goal = dismantle the Ancién Regime Six basic reforms to accomplish:
1. Abolish birthright – legalize equality2. Declaration of the Rights of Man3. Subordinated church to state4. Constitution (1791)5. More efficient government6. Economic reforms
Revolution Done??
End of Sept. 1791 – N. A.’s work done
Revolution over 1792 – drastic change – not desired
or anticipated Was this the end??
Bell Ringer
What were some of the consequences ofKing Louis XVI’s “Flight to Varennes”?
Discuss with Partner30 Seconds
The Radical Stage1792-1794
The Players…
The Sans-Culottes
French for “without knee britches”
Term created by the nobility to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate because they wore long pants instead of the chic shorter culottes.
Sans-Culottes (cont.)
Typical dress of a sans-culotte › Page 349 in your textbook
Red liberty cap Pantaloons (long trousers) Carmagnole (short-skirted
coat) Sabats (wooden shoes)
Sans-Culottes (cont.)
They demanded that the revolutionary government immediately:› Increase wages› Fix prices› End food
shortages› Punish hoarders› Deal with
counterrevolutionaries
Sans-Culottes (cont.)
Wanted laws to prevent extremes of both wealth & poverty
Ideal nation = one of small shopkeepers and farmers
Revolutionary Drum
Sans Culottes
Arms for the Revolution
The Jacobins Predominately
bourgeoisie Well-organized &
disciplined Wanted a strong
central government with Paris being the center of power
Supported temporary governmental controls to deal with the needs of the economy
The Jacobins (cont.)
Combined with the sans-culottes, the Jacobins WERE the revolution
Above all else, the Jacobins unleashed extreme terror
Girondins
This moderate faction of the Assembly drew its support from businessmen, merchants, and government officials
Their fall from popularity began with their refusal to join the more radical revolutionaries in overthrowing the monarchy
La Montagne
The Mountain A political group
(members = Montagnards)
Sat on highest benches in NA
Often synonymous with Jacobins
Under the sway of such men as Marat, Danton, & Robespierre
Marat
Jean Paul Marat Swiss-born Physician “L’Ami du
Peuple”
L’Ami du Peuple
The Death of Marat by David
Charlotte Corday by Baudry